Suchergebnisse

SiO₂ deposits which cause technical problems on combustion equipment are built by combustion of biogas containing siloxanes. Therefore, in these cases, the siloxanes must be removed from the biogas. For siloxane removal from biogas, its adsorption on activated carbon is often used. After saturation, the saturated adsorbent must be replaced. The adsorbent cost constitutes the main part of the operational costs of the purification equipment. Therefore it is necessary to find an adsorbent having high adsorption capacity for siloxane at a possible low price. Using laboratory apparatus and biogas produced from waste-water treatment sludge at the wastewater treatment plant Prague Bubenec various activated carbons were tested for siloxane removal and their adsorption capacities for siloxanes were estimated, and the adsorbent cost relative to 1 kg of siloxanes removed from biogas were calculated. The lowest price for the removal of 1 kg of siloxanes was determined by Chezacarb, Sil Extra 40 AP and 4–60 adsorbents. Another important information obtained from the test is that the weakly adsorbed siloxane (OMCTS) is displaced by the larger molecule of DMCPCS during adsorption.

The liquid organic fraction of pyrolytic tar has a high energy value which makes possible its utilization as an energy source. However, before utilization, it is crucial to remove water from the liquid fraction. The presence of water reduces the energy value of pyrolytic tars. Water separation from the organic tar fraction is a complex process, since an emulsion can be readily formed. Therefore, after phase separation, it is important to know the residual water content in the organic phase and whether it is necessary to further dry it. The results presented in this manuscript focus on a water determination in liquid products from coal and biomass pyrolysis by a coulometric Karl‑Fischer titration. The Coulometric Karl‑Fischer titration is often used for a water content determination in gaseous, liquid and solid samples. However, to date, this titration method has not been used for a water determination in tars. A new water determination method, which has been tested on different types of tar, has been developed. The Coulometric Karl‑Fischer titration is suitable for tar samples with a water content not greater than 5 wt. %. The obtained experimental results indicate that the new introduced method can be used with a very good repeatability for a water content determination in tars.

Tars from pyrolysis of brown coal can be refined to obtain compounds suitable for fuel production. However, it is problematic to refine the liquids from brown coal pyrolysis, because high molecular compounds are produced, and the sample solidifies. Therefore we decided to investigate the possibility of treating the product in the gas phase during pyrolysis, using a catalyst. A two-step process was investigated: thermal-catalytic refining. In the first step, alumina was used as the filling material, and in the second step a catalyst based on W-Ni was used. These materials were placed in two separate layers above the coal, so the volatile products passed through the alumina and catalyst layers. Pyrolysis tests showed that using the catalyst has no significant effect on the mass balance, but it improves the properties of the gas and the properties of the organic part of the liquid pyrolysis products, which will then be processed further.

Apart from burning, one of the possible uses of natural gas is as a fuel for motor vehicles. There are two types of fuel from natural gas — CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) or LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas). Liquefaction of natural gas is carried out for transport by tankers, which are an alternative to long-distance gas pipelines, as well as for transport over short distance, using LNG as a fuel for motor vehicles. A gas adjustment is necessary to get LNG. As an important part of the necessary adjustment of natural gas to get LNG, a reduction of CO₂ is needed. There is a danger of the carbon dioxide freezing during the gas cooling. This work deals with the testing of adsorption removal of CO2 from natural gas. The aim of these measurements was to find a suitable adsorbent for CO₂ removal from natural gas. Two different types of adsorbents were tested: activated carbon and molecular sieve. The adsorption properties of the selected adsorbents were tested and compared. The breakthrough curves for CO₂ for both adsorbents were measured. The conditions of the testing were estimated according to conditions at a gas regulation station — 4.0MPa pressure and 8 °C temperature. Natural gas was simulated by model gas mixture during the tests. The breakthrough volume was set as the gas volume passing through the adsorber up to the CO₂ concentration of 300 ml/m3 in the exhaust gas. The thermal and pressure desorption of CO₂ from saturated adsorbents were also tested after the adsorption.