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Free economic zones (FEZs) play important roles in industrialization & economic development of both capitalist & socialist countries. Theoretical debate & empirical analysis in the development literature have focused narrowly on the positive & negative economic effects of export processing zones (EPZs) in capitalist Third World countries, without giving sufficienct consideration to why, when, & how different types of FEZs in both capitalist & socialist economies adapt their roles in achieving development objectives under changing international & domestic conditions. Compared here are the dynamic development roles of three FEZs in two different systems -- the state capitalist economies of Taiwan & South Korea & the reforming socialist economy of the People's Republic of China -- during 1966-1990. The comparative findings are interpreted from competing & complementary perspectives of major development theories. A life-cycle model of the evolution & prospect of EPZs in capitalist newly industrializing countries is refined, & an alternative scenario for FEZs in socialist economies suggested. 3 Tables, 63 References. Adapted from the source document.

We study the evolution of cooperation in the collective-risk social dilemma game, where the risk is determined by a collective target that must be reached with individual contributions. All players initially receive endowments from the available amount of common resources. While cooperators contribute part of their endowment to the collective target, defectors do not. If the target is not reached, the endowments of all players are lost. In our model, we introduce a feedback between the amount of common resources and the contributions of cooperators. We show that cooperation can be sustained only if the common resources are preserved but never excessively abound. This, however, requires a delicate balance between the amount of common resources that initially exist, and the amount cooperators contribute to the collective target. Exceeding critical thresholds in either of the two amounts leads to loss of cooperation, and consequently to the depletion of common resources.

We study the evolution of cooperation in the collective-risk social dilemma game, where the risk is determined by a collective target that must be reached with individual contributions. All players initially receive endowments from the available amount of common resources. While cooperators contribute part of their endowment to the collective target, defectors do not. If the target is not reached, the endowments of all players are lost. In our model, we introduce a feedback between the amount of common resources and the contributions of cooperators. We show that cooperation can be sustained only if the common resources are preserved but never excessively abound. This, however, requires a delicate balance between the amount of common resources that initially exist, and the amount cooperators contribute to the collective target. Exceeding critical thresholds in either of the two amounts leads to loss of cooperation, and consequently to the depletion of common resources.

Big Data has shown great potentials in improving management discretion in many areas. However, its applications in construction waste management (CWM) are still in infant stage. This research aims to investigate the prospects and challenges of big data in CWM, by focusing on Hong Kong where a big dataset is made available recently. This study first conducted a comprehensive literature review of big data to understand its definitions, applications, and general challenges of using big data in various sectors. Next, the data collected from Hong Kong government was analyzed to explore the prospects and challenges of Big Data in CWM. Except for the general challenges, big data in CWM has specific challenges mainly due to the specificity of public sectors implementing schemes of CWM. Possible strategies are raised to deal with the challenges so as to embrace the prospects of big data in CWM and relevant domains. This study not only provides government and other sectors in CWM and relevant domains with a clearer understanding of the prospects and challenges of big data that they are facing and corresponding strategies, but also acts as a driving force to stimulate the adoption and proper utilization of big data in sectors involved in CWM. ; preprint

In this article the authors document evolving attitudes, policies and roles of stakeholders in wastewater and faecal-sludge management in India, China and Ghana. In each country there is momentum for expanding not just access to sanitation at the household/community levels, but also for greater treatment and safe end-of-life management of human excreta. Governments are increasingly looking to engage the private sector, but models of engagement that make a compelling business case and instil confidence in cost recovery will have to emerge before the private sector takes an active role in wastewater and faecal sludge treatment in low-income countries.

This paper explores the relationship between research and development (R&D) intensity and circular supply chain management (CSCM) adoption of high-tech manufacturing companies in China to deepen our understanding of how to improve CSCM adoption in emerging economies. In particular, we examine the moderating effect of three kinds of institutional pressures (i.e., regulatory pressure from governmental regulations, mimetic pressure from industry competition, and normative pressure from overseas customer demand) from the perspective of institutional theory. Based on the panel data of 310 Chinese listed companies from 2006 to 2019, we find that R&D intensity positively affects firms' CSCM adoption. We further observe that this positive effect is strengthened when the ratio of state-owned shares or the degree of industry competition is higher. However, overseas operating income does not affect the impact of R&D intensity on CSCM adoption. Our study contributes to the literature on the innovation – circular economy debate, confirming the positive effect of R&D intensity on firms' CSCM adoption, and provides insights into moderating effects on this relationship in an emerging economy context.