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TWO INDICES WERE EXAMINED IN RELATION TO THE CONCEPT OF S" HEALTH: THE LEVEL OF FUNCTION AT A POINT IN TIME AND THE PROBABILITY OF TRANSITION TO OTHER LEVELS AT FUTURE TIMES. A QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE EXPECTANCY CAN BE COMPUTED THAT APPROXIMATES A COMPREHENSIVE SOCIAL INDICATOR FOR HEALTH. THESE INDICATORS HAVE THE STATISTICAL PROPERTIES REQUIRED FOR TIME SERIES AND INTERPOPULATION COMPARISIONS.

A history of the international women's movement & its influence on the UN's perspective on women's rights is briefly recounted, highlighting the declaration of 1975 as International Women's Year. Nongovernmental organizations have been instrumental in helping the women's movement make significant advances in getting women's issues & concerns on international agendas. A description is given of the effectiveness of the women's movement in shaping public agenda at three UN conferences: (1) the 1992 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) conference on environment; (2) the 1991 Vienna (Austria) conference on human rights; & (3) the 1994 Cairo (Egypt) conference on population & development. Efforts by the women's movement to influence world conferences, changes made in the movement itself & its relation to the UN, & the effectiveness of its techniques & strategies are examined. Future challenges for the women's movement are discussed. H. D. Tate

Languages differ widely in the ways they encode time. I test the hypothesis that the languages that grammatically associate the future and the present, foster future-oriented behavior. This prediction arises naturally when well-documented effects of language structure are merged with models of intertemporal choice. Empirically, I find that speakers of such languages: save more, retire with more wealth, smoke less, practice safer sex, and are less obese. This holds both across countries and within countries when comparing demographically similar native households. The evidence does not support the most obvious forms of common causation. I discuss implications for theories of intertemporal choice. (JEL D14, D83, E21, I12, J26, Z13)

AbstractThe Lower Old Red Sandstones in northern Strathmore have favourable hydrogeological conditions for ground‐water development. A scheme was proposed to abstract water in the north Esk catchment in order to augment water supplies to local villages, and a production borehole was drilled into the Edzell Sandstones to give a design yield of 2420 m3/d. However, this scheme has been abandoned because of concern that the abstraction would significantly reduce the flow in a nearby stream which is an important salmonid fishery.This study demonstrates the potential value of using a stream‐aquifer numerical model in an environmental risk assessment for the proposed scheme.

OBJECTIVE. We assess the impacts of New Jersey's payment for hospital uncompensated care on access for the uninsured. DATA SOURCES. Uncompensated care charges and other data were obtained from audited reports maintained by the New Jersey State Department of Health. Other data sources include the AHA Annual Survey and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample includes 80 of 88 acute care hospitals in the state for 1979 to 1987. STUDY DESIGN. This study used a pre- and postdesign to assess the impacts of the introduction of uncompensated care payment. Both descriptive and multivariate analyses were used. Key variables include hospital ownership and teaching characteristics; the labor force composition; and the level of government funding for public health insurance. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. The overall level of uncompensated hospital care increased markedly in New Jersey during the period 1979 through 1987. However, this trend can be attributed to variables other than the new payment system, including increased demand for uncompensated care. The program did result in a more even distribution of uncompensated care across hospitals. The financial condition of hospitals providing the largest share of this care also improved, ensuring continued access. CONCLUSIONS. Funding of uncompensated care via hospital payment regulation did not increase its overall provision. However, improved access was achieved as opportunities for the uninsured to receive care were made more widely available.

In recent years the 'water security' concept has gained both increased public profile and also traction in policy-making circles in China. Moreover its strategic significance for the country has been more frequently addressed by central government. Indicators characterizing the major components of water security, such as socio-economic conditions, water resources, water environment, and aquatic ecosystems, have been used to develop composite metrics and measure China's progress towards water security at different spatial scales including national, provinces, cities, and river basins since the early 2000s. Aiming at providing sound decision-making, however, there are still critical methodological challenges to this now well-established practice — for example, the selection, banding and aggregation of indicators, and consideration of stakeholder participation.