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Researchers have suggested that general self-efficacy (GSE) can substantially contribute to organizational theory, research, and practice. Unfortunately, the limited construct validity work conducted on commonly used GSE measures has highlighted such potential problems as low content validity and multidimensionality. The authors developed a new GSE (NGSE) scale and compared its psychometric properties and validity to that of the Sherer et al. General Self-Efficacy Scale (SGSE). Studies in two countries found that the NGSE scale has higher construct validity than the SGSE scale. Although shorter than the SGSE scale, the NGSE scale demonstrated high reliability, predicted specific self-efficacy (SSE) for a variety of tasks in various contexts, and moderated the influence of previous performance on subsequent SSE formation. Implications, limitations, and directions for future organizational research are discussed.

Scholars have been interested in the extent to which organizational phenomena generalize across levels of analysis for quite some time. However, theoretical frameworks for developing homologous multilevel theories (i.e., theories involving parallel relationships between parallel constructs at different levels of analysis) have yet to be developed, and current analytical tools for testing such theories and models are limited and inflexible. In this article, the authors first propose a typology of multilevel theories of homology that considers different stages of theory development and different levels of similarity in relationships across levels. Building on cross-validation principles, the authors then delineate and demonstrate a comprehensive and flexible statistical procedure for testing different multilevel theories of homology. Finally, the authors discuss implications for theory, research, and practice, as well as potential caveats of the new statistical tests.

The concomitant proliferation of causal modeling and hypotheses of multiplicative effects has brought about a tremendous need for procedures that allow the testing of moderated structural equation models (MSEMs). The seminal work of Kenny and Judd and Hayduk has been drawn on by several authors in the past 10 years, thus producing procedures that allow for such tests. Yet, utilization of MSEMs in empirical research has been quite rare. The purposes of this article are twofold. First, the authors discuss general issues with respect to multivariate normality, indicators of latent products, the nature of latent products, and identification problems in MSEM. Second, they review and illustrate techniques that are available for the testing of interaction effects in structural equation models.

The three C's of work motivation : content, context, and change / Ruth Kanfer, Gilad Chen, and Robert D. Pritchard -- The measurement and analysis of motivation / Robert E. Ployhart -- Motivation for what? A multivariate dynamic perspective of the criterion / Reeshad S. Dalal and Charles L. Hulin -- Goal choice and decision processes / Howard J. Klein, James T. Austin, and Joseph T. Cooper -- Goal-striving and self-regulation processes / James M. Diefendorff and Robert G. Lord -- Self-regulation and multiple deadline goals / Terence R. Mitchell ... [et al.] -- Designing motivating jobs : an expanded framework for linking work characteristics and motivation / Sharon K. Parker and Sandra Ohly -- Motivation in and of work teams : a multilevel perspective / Gilad Chan and Celile Itir Gogus -- Leadership processes and work motivation / Stephen J. Zaccaro, Katherine Ely, and Johnathan Nelson -- Organizational systems and employee motivation / Wendy R. Boswell, Alexander J.S. Colvin, and Todd C. Darnold -- Motivation to engage in training and career development / Daniel C. Feldman and Thomas W.H. Ng -- A self-regulatory perspective on navigating career transitions / Connie R. Wanberg and John Kammeyer-Mueller -- Nonwork influences on work motivation / Ellen Ernst Kossek and Kaumudi Misra -- Social-cultural influences on work motivation / Miriam Erez -- Essays from allied disciplines. Making time for memory and remembering time in motivation theory / Stephen M. Fiore ; The social context of work motivation : a social-psychological perspective / Verlin B. Hinsz ; Motivation and expertise at work : a human factors perspective / James E. Maddux ; Law and motivation / Gary L. Renz and Richard D. Arvey ; Work motivation : insights from economics / Bruce E. Kaufman -- Work motivation : forging new perspectives and directions in the post-millennium / Ruth Kanfer, Gilad Chen, and Robert D. Pritchard

Little dispute exists with regard to the conceptual and practical contributions of team mental models (TMMs) to team-related research and applications, yet the measurement of TMMs poses great challenges for researchers and practitioners. Borrowing from performance appraisal practices, this article presents a new method for assessing TMMs that is user-friendly and allows for the measurement of both TMM accuracy and similarity. The extent to which TMM similarity and accuracy indices predict team performance in a field setting is examined. Contributions to team research and practice are discussed.