Suchergebnisse

This book is about "Robert McNamara's efforts to reorient the
World Bank towards a more explicit concern with poverty alleviation in
the world's poor countries." The World Bank is one of the most important
(and probably the biggest) financial institutions which have been
providing both technical and financial assistance to many developing
countries for more than thirty years. The traditional role of the Bank
has been that of helping the developing countries in their process of
development by providing loans for projects with maximum growth effects.
For quite a number of years in the post-war period these loans were
granted mainly for infrastructure projects which were considered a
prerequisite for development. An evaluation of such projects was
relatively easy as their effects on the rest of the economy were easily
quantifiable. Loans for social-overhead projects received relatively low
priority as their output was not directly measurable and the element of
risk was also high in such loans.

The role of industrialization in economic development can
hardly be overemphasized. The process of industrialization takes place
through capital formation, and it is important that the factors which
determine the rate of capital formation be identified and properly
analysed. This book gives an in-depth analysis of private industrial
investment in Pakistan during the Sixties, which increased sharply
during the Second Plan period but declined during the Third Plan period.
It examines the influence of foreign. resources inflow as well as of
other factors on private industrial investment during the Sixties. It
contains an enlightening discussion about the concentration of
industrial power in a few hands, their control over financial
institutions, and their role in the industrial growth of
Pakistan.

This paper attempts to provide empirical evidence on
inter-industry differentials in productivity levels and their growth
rates, and the distribution of productivity gains among the principal
factors of production" i.e. labour and capital. Hardy any work has been
done in Pakistan on providing a satisfactory quantitative measure of
productive efficiency of the factors of production in the manufacturing
industries. A study of this kind should be important not only from the
economic but also from the social point of view because an optimal
distribution of total ,gains in productivity is basically an empirical
question and can not be discussed in general terms.

While framing policies for economic development the public
authorities-are by and large consciously or unconsciously motivated by
their ideological convictions. In a capitalist economy, for instance,
the government does not normally resort to socialist techniques even if
those techniques promote social welfare. But this general rule, like
many others, is not without exception. The book under review gives a
clear example of such an exception. Public enterprise, though considered
a necessary evil (p. 129), is shown to have per¬formed remarkably well
in South Korea. During the short period of ten years-(1968-1972), the
performance of the public sector in South Korea has been not only far
better than in many other countries but the sector has also emerged as-a
leading sector of the economy (p. 202).

Hervorhebung der Bedeutung der Kleinbetriebe auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung. Steuerliche und finanzielle Anreize des Staates zur Förderung dieser Unternehmen. Aufbau eines Netzes von staatlichen Institutionen zur Förderung der Kleinbetriebe in allen Landesteilen. Exportförderung dieser Betriebe. (DÜI-Seu)

Inflationsraten für unterschiedliche Einkommensgruppen und Regionen. Keine einseitige Begünstigung armer oder reicher Haushalte durch die Inflation. Steigende Nahrungsmittelpreise zu Lasten der ärmeren Schichten. Bei steigenden Wohnungs- und Mietpreisen höhere Inflationsrate für städtische Haushalte. (DÜI-Seu)

Despite the recognition of the importance of small-scale
industry, the Government of Pakistan's industrial policy has been biased
in the past towards the large-scale manufacturing sector. The First Five
Year Plan (1955-60) document states the significance of small-scale
industry in the following words. Small industry has specific
contributions to make to economic development. In the first place, it
can contribute to the output of needed goods without requiring the
organization of large new enterprises or the use of much foreign
exchange to finance the import of new equipment. Secondly, it can
provide opportunities for employment beyond the narrow boundaries of
urban centres. Finally, as history shows, it can perform an important
function in promoting growth, providing training ground for management
and labour, and spreading industrial knowledge over wide areas [8, p.
471] .

In this paper an attempt has been made to find the inflation
rates which were faced by households belonging to different income
brackets and living in different areas. The results of this study do not
show any consistent pattern of inflation being higher or lower for the
rich or the poor households. During 1971-72 and between 1978-79 and
1980-81, households in the lower income brackets were found to be facing
lower inflation rates. These were the years when food prices rose at
lower rates than those of the prices of non-food items. These
differences, however, disappeared in 1981-82 when food prices rose
sharply, resulting in a higher inflation rate for the poor than for the
rich. The numerical magnitudes of the differences were, however, not
very high.

The demand and employment effects of alternative distributions
of the existing as well as the additional income generated through
growth of the economy have been analysed in this paper. The results show
that income redistribution in favour of the low-income households would
increase the demand for basic necessities like wheat, pulses, edible
oils, etc., while the demand for certain other commodities would
decrease. The results also show that the consumption levels of the poor
households can be significantly increased with income redistribution
without much adverse effects on the rich. The employment effects are
found to be positive and substantial.

Erhöhte Nachfrage nach Gütern des Grundbedarfs bei einer verbesserten Einkommensverteilung zugunsten der ärmeren Einkommensschichten. Nachfragerückgang bei anderen Gütern. Steigender Konsum der armen Haushalte ohne negative Auswirkungen auf die Konsumfunktion der reicheren. Positive, substantielle Beschäftigungseffekte. (DÜI-Seu)

The argument that growth and equality are two opposite
objectives and the conviction that if the former is preferred in the
short run, the latter will automatically follow in the long run, though
very popular in the past, have become somewhat controversial in recent
years. Available evidence from the developing countries does not seem to
support the 'trickle down' theory. It is being increasingly felt that
the solution to the problem of poverty does not lie in mere maximization
of the GNP. Economists have now started stressing the need for 'direct
attack on poverty' (6, pp.42- 44] and for specific policies with growth
implications for different groups in the Society (2, p. xiii] .
Redistribution of income among different groups is therefore emerging as
an important policy objective in many developing countries, including
Pakistan.