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Fertility divergence amid declining in use of modern contraception in many states of India needs urgent research and programmatic attention. Although utilization of antenatal, natal, and post-natal care has shown spectacular increase in post National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) period, the contraceptive use had shown a declining trend. Using the calendar data from the National Family Health Survey–3, this article examines the reasons of contraceptive discontinuation among spacing method users by socio-economic groups in India. Bivariate and multivariate analyses and life table discontinuation rates are used in the analyses. Results suggest that about half of the pill users, two fifths of the condom users, one third of traditional method users, and one fifth of IUD users discontinue a method in first 12 months of use. However, the discontinuation of all three modern spacing methods declines in subsequent period (within 12-36 months). The probability of method failure was highest among traditional method users and higher among poor and less educated that may lead to unwanted/mistimed birth. Although discontinuation of condom declines with economic status, it does not show any large variation for pill users. The contraceptive discontinuation was significantly associated with duration of use, age, parity, contraceptive method, religion, and contraceptive intention. Based on these findings, it is suggested that follow-up services to modern spacing method users, increasing counseling for spacing method users, motivating the traditional method user to use modern spacing method, and improving the overall quality of family planning services can reduce the discontinuation of spacing method.

1. Demographic and Development Dichotomy in Districts of India Sanjay K. Mohanty, Udaya S. Mishra and Rajesh K. Chauhan -- 2. Population Trends, Distribution and Prospects in the Districts of India Rajesh K. Chauhan, Sanjay K. Mohanty and Udaya S. Mishra -- 3. Fertility Transition in the Districts of India, 1991-2011 Sanjay K. Mohanty, Sayantani Chatterjee, Emily Das, Suyash Mishra & Rajesh K. Chauhan -- 4. Development Disparity and Interstate Out-migration in the Districts of India Kalosona Paul -- 5 Educational Development and Disparities in India: District-Level Analyses Sayantani Chatterjee, Udaya S. Mishra -- 6. State of Health in the Districts of India Sanjay K. Mohanty, Nihar R. Mishra, Junaid Khan, Guru Vasistha and Udaya S. Mishra -- 7. Maternal and Child Health in Districts of India: Deprivation and Disparities Basant Kumar Panda, Udaya S. Mishra and Subhakant Swain -- 8. Primary Health Care Infrastructure and Maternal Healthcare Utilization in Rural India: A District Level Analysis Pijush Kanti Khan, Kajori Banerjee and Swarbhanu Nandi -- 9. Economic Development in the Districts of India Sanjay K. Mohanty, Anjali Dash, Radheyshyam Mishra and Bidyadhar Dehury -- 10 Spatial Pattern of Development in the Districts of India Sanjay K. Mohanty, Bidyadhar Dehury, Udaya S. Mishra and Anjali Dash -- 11. Summarizing Development Divide in Districts of India Udaya S. Mishra and Sanjay K. Mohanty

Though the Census of India and large-scale demographic surveys have bridged the data gap on key demographic and health parameters, estimates on poverty and inequality remain deficient for the districts of India. The estimates on poverty and inequality indices across the states of India conceal large variations among districts. We use an innovative approach to provide consumption-based estimates of poverty and inequality indices in the districts of India by pooling the 66th and 68th rounds of consumption expenditure carried out by the National Sample Survey. The new official poverty line of 2009–2010 and 2011–2012 as recommended by the Rangarajan Committee and adopted by the Government of India is used in the estimation of poverty. A set of poverty and inequality indices, the poverty head count ratio, poverty gap square, the Gini index, Theil index and mean log deviation (MLD) are used to estimate poverty and inequality indices for 623 of the 640 districts in India. Estimates of poverty are obtained by pooling the estimates of 2009-10 and 2011-12. Results suggest wide variations in the level, depth and incidence of poverty among the districts of India irrespective of size, stage and governance in the states. The pattern of inequality is different from that of poverty; it is higher in districts with a higher level of development. Estimates of poverty are consistently correlated with wealth index, agricultural labour and female literacy. Among various factors, the fertility level, wealth index and the proportion of agricultural worker are significant predictors of poverty. Based on the findings, we suggest to increase the sample size to estimate consumption poverty in every alternate quinquennial survey and undertake a special round of survey in multidimensional poverty. Districts ranked low in poverty head count ratio should be accorded high priority in planning and program implementation.