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Via the experience & opinions of HIV-positive women prisoner activists, an alternate progressive antiviolence discourse on "safety" & "justice" is explored with an eye toward increasing the safety of women & challenging the prison-industrial complex. To resist excessive imprisonment, community-based individualized interventions are offered as positive solutions to crime. As staff members of Women's Positive Legal Action Network -- a nonprofit organization providing legal services & community education around the special needs of HIV-positive women caught in the criminal justice system -- we asked HIV-positive women prisoner activists to share their experiences of surviving violent crime in & out of the prison setting, & to detail their interactions with the criminal justice system. In particular, we asked these women how they define justice & safety, how, & if, the current criminal justice system should be included in a strategy of social justice & violence prevention, & what role activism can play in galvanizing social change. 11 References. Adapted from the source document.

Colloque avec actes et comité de lecture. internationale. ; International audience ; Melbourne Water manages water supply catchments, rivers, creeks and major drainage systems throughout the Melbourne region, Australia. Melbourne Water has developed a series of initiatives to work with local governments to improve stormwater management using 'Water Sensitive Urban Design' (WSUD) principles. This paper describes the development of stormwater management within the Melbourne catchments, and the evolution of WSUD programs from the perspective of Melbourne Water. Since most stormwater management at the local level is undertaken by councils, particular emphasis is given to the institutional capacity building aspects of the programs. It is shown how the current program (the Living Rivers Stormwater program) has built on the success of previous grants programs by developing awareness of WSUD and building organisational capacity within councils. Initially this was achieved by implementing WSUD into capital projects in an opportunistic manner, but Melbourne Water is now aiming to help councils embed a more strategic and systematic approach. To this end, work is currently being undertaken to facilitate councils to set implementation targets for WSUD, with the intention of allowing WSUD to be delivered over the long term. The need for and approach to the development of WSUD implementation targets is described in the paper.

Influencer marketing spending in the United States was expected to surpass $6 billion in 2023. This marketing tactic poses a public health threat, as research suggests it has been utilized to undercut decades of public health progress—such as gains made against tobacco use among adolescents. Public health and public opinion researchers need practical tools to capture influential accounts on social media. Utilizing X (formerly Twitter) little cigar and cigarillo (LCC) data, we compared seven influential account detection metrics to help clarify our understanding of the functions of existing metrics and the nature of social media discussion of tobacco products. Results indicate that existing influential account detection metrics are non-harmonic and time-sensitive, capturing distinctly different users and categorically different user types. Our results also reveal that these metrics capture distinctly different conversations among influential social media accounts. Our findings suggest that public health and public opinion researchers hoping to conduct analyses of influential social media accounts need to understand each metric's benefits and limitations and utilize more than one influential account detection metric to increase the likelihood of producing valid and reliable research.

In this article, we consider how social sciences can help us to understand the rising use of antibiotics globally. Drawing on ethnography as a way to research how we are in the world, we explore scholarship that situates antibiotic use in relation to interactions of pathogens, humans, animals and the environment in the context of globalization, changes in agriculture and urbanization. We group this research into three areas: practices, structures and networks. Much of the public health and related social research concerning antimicrobial resistance has focused on antibiotic use as a practice, with research characterizing how antibiotics are used by patients, farmers, fishermen, drug sellers, clinicians and others. Researchers have also positioned antibiotic use as emergent of political-economic structures, shedding light on how working and living conditions, quality of care, hygiene and sanitation foster reliance on antibiotics. A growing body of research sees antibiotics as embedded in networks that, in addition to social and institutional networks, comprise physical, technical and historical connections such as guidelines, supply chains and reporting systems. Taken together, this research emphasizes the multiple ways that antibiotics have become built into daily life. Wider issues, which may be invisible without explication through ethnographic approaches, need to be considered when addressing antibiotic use. Adopting the complementary vantage points of practices, networks and structures can support the diversification of our responses to AMR.

OBJECTIVES: Clinical trials provide 'gold standard' evidence for policy, but insufficient locally relevant trials are conducted in low-income and middle-income countries. Local investigator-initiated trials could generate highly relevant data for national governments, but information is lacking on how to facilitate them. We aimed to identify barriers and enablers to investigator-initiated trials in Ethiopia to inform and direct capacity strengthening initiatives. DESIGN: Exploratory, qualitative study comprising of in-depth interviews (n=7) and focus group discussions (n=3). SETTING: Fieldwork took place in Ethiopia during March 2011. PARTICIPANTS: Local health researchers with previous experiences of clinical trials or stakeholders with an interest in trials were recruited through snowball sampling (n=20). OUTCOME MEASURES: Detailed discussion notes were analysed using thematic coding analysis and key themes were identified. RESULTS: All participants perceived investigator-initiated trials as important for generating local evidence. System and organisational barriers included: limited funding allocation, weak regulatory and administrative systems, few learning opportunities, limited human and material capacity and poor incentives for conducting research. Operational hurdles were symptomatic of these barriers. Lack of awareness, confidence and motivation to undertake trials were important individual barriers. Training, knowledge sharing and experience exchange were key enablers to trial conduct and collaboration was unanimously regarded as important for improving capacity. CONCLUSIONS: Barriers to trial conduct were found at individual, operational, organisational and system levels. These findings indicate that to increase locally led trial conduct in Ethiopia, system wide changes are needed to create a more receptive and enabling research environment. Crucially, the creation of research networks between potential trial groups could provide much needed practical collaborative support through sharing of financial ...

4 pags., 2 figs. ; We present VLA and PdBI subarcsecond images (∼0.15″-0.6″) of the radio continuum emission at 7 mm and of the SO2 J = 19 2, 18 → 183, 15 and J = 278, 20 → 287, 21 lines toward the Cep A HW2 region. The SO2 images reveal the presence of a hot core internally heated by an intermediate-mass protostar, and a circumstellar rotating disk around the HW2 radio jet of size 600 × 100 AU and mass ∼1 M⊙. Keplerian rotation for the disk velocity gradient of ∼5 km s-1 requires a 9 M ⊙ central star, which cannot explain the total luminosity observed in the region. This may indicate that the disk does not rotate with a Keplerian law due to the extreme youth of this object. Our high-sensitivity radio continuum image at 7 mm shows, in addition to the ionized jet, an extended emission to the west (and marginally to the south) of the HW2 jet, filling the southwest cavity of the HW2 disk. From the morphology and location of this free-free continuum emission at centimeter and millimeter wavelengths (spectral index ∼0.4-1.5), we propose that the disk is photoevaporating due to the UV radiation from the central star. All this indicates that the Cep A HW2 region harbors a cluster of massive stars. Disk accretion seems to be the most plausible way to form massive stars in moderate density/luminosity clusters. © 2007. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. ; We also acknowledge the Spanish MEC for the support provided through projects number ESP2004-00665, AYA2003-02785-E, and "Comunidad de Madrid" government under PRICIT project S-0505/ ESP-0277 (ASTROCAM). ; Peer Reviewed

Background: Governments and donors all over Africa are searching for sustainable, affordable and cost-effective ways to improve the quality of malaria case management. Widespread deficiencies have been reported in the prescribing and counselling practices of health care providers treating febrile patients in both public and private health facilities. Cameroon is no exception with low levels of adherence to national guidelines, the frequent selection of non-recommended antimalarials and the use of incorrect dosages. This study evaluates the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of introducing two different provider training packages, alongside rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), designed to equip providers with the knowledge and practical skills needed to effectively diagnose and treat febrile patients. The overall aim is to target antimalarial treatment better and to facilitate optimal use of malaria treatment guidelines.Methods/Design: A 3-arm stratified, cluster randomized trial will be conducted to assess whether introducing RDTs with provider training (basic or enhanced) is more cost-effective than current practice without RDTs, and whether there is a difference in the cost effectiveness of the provider training interventions. The primary outcome is the proportion of patients attending facilities that report a fever or suspected malaria and receive treatment according to malaria guidelines. This will be measured by surveying patients (or caregivers) as they exit public and mission health facilities. Cost-effectiveness will be presented in terms of the primary outcome and a range of secondary outcomes, including changes in provider knowledge. Costs will be estimated from a societal and provider perspective using standard economic evaluation methodologies.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00981877. © 2012 Wiseman et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is the final version. Available on open access from BMJ Publishing Group via the DOI in this record ; The historical trajectories of three crises have converged in the 2020s: the COVID-19 pandemic, rising inequality and the climate crisis. The political, social and institutional arrangements that have collectively constituted 'global health,' and the potential obstacles and possibilities of the COVID-19 pandemic reveal the intersecting challenges of rising inequality and climate crisis. Emerging transformations in global health, accelerated by the sea changes of the 2020s, are characterised by attempts to expand notions of health and social justice encompassing planetary, racial, reproductive and digital justice. In this article, we discuss their intersection and suggest that a new set of organising ideals, institutions and norms will need to emerge from their conjunction if a just and liveable world is to remain a possibility for humans and their cohabitants. ; Alan Turing Institute