Suchergebnisse

Understanding the nature of risk -- Principles of risk, return, and financial decision making -- Basic concepts of financial risk management -- The financial risk management environment -- The value of financial risk management -- Measuring market risk -- Managing market risk with forward and futures contracts -- Managing market risk with swaps -- Managing market risk with options -- Managing credit risk -- Managing operational and other risks -- Accounting and disclosure in financial risk management -- Organizational structure, corporate governance, and financial risk management.

AbstractIn light of a growing trend toward viewing dividends as an investable asset class, this article opens up a new perspective on their valuation. We show that dividends can be viewed as options on the cash flow of the firm. That is, a firm either pays zero dividends, in which case the option expires out‐of‐the‐money, or it pays a positive dividend, the value of which corresponds to the option's moneyness. The exercise price is determined by the capital budget, the flexibility of the company to use external financing, and whether it has minimum and maximum dividends. The model is also capable of accommodating a stochastic capital budget, which allows for uncertain growth opportunities and their correlation with the firm's cash flows. We also present an application of the model using actual data for a large multinational company.

AbstractCapped options are barrier option spreads that automatically create simultaneous long and short positions. Exchange‐traded capped options were introduced in 1991, though with limited volume. Such options, however, have traded on the over‐the‐counter markets for several years. Most of these options have the unusual feature that they automatically exercise when the underlying asset closes beyond a critical strike, making them a hybrid of European and American options. In this paper I present their boundary conditions and examine the prices, deltas, gammas, and thetas of caps as well as spreads constructed with European and American options. I also examine the effect of permitting exercise based only on the closing price as opposed to exercise at any time the critical strike is reached. I show that assuming that exercise can occur at any time can lead to serious pricing errors. The results have implications for the pricing of barrier options in general, which nearly always exercise early based only on the closing price.

AbstractBoundary conditions are established and tested for call options on the S&P 100 Index. The data consist of daily closing bid and ask quotes for the first four months of 1984. Four types of tests—the immediate exercise, European lower bound, vertical spread, and butterfly spread (convexity rule)—are performed on both an immediate and delayed execution basis. Violations are infrequent and those that occur tend to reverse by the end of the following day. Index options, therefore, are priced consistently with rational boundary conditions.

AbstractBecause of vesting requirements and the absence of liquidity, executive stock options are valued at less, and often far less, than Black–Scholes–Merton values. We argue that this view assumes the subtle condition that option holders are price takers and therefore cannot influence the payoffs of their options, an assumption that clearly contradicts the very reason for granting options. We build a model to incorporate the executive's effort and perception of his quality, private beliefs, and confidence to show that these options are worth considerably more than previously believed and under some conditions even more than Black–Scholes–Merton values.