Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- The Macroeconomic Backdrop -- The Rationale -- The Analytical Framework -- Ex Ante and Ex Post Frameworks of Gender Budgeting -- The Structure -- References -- 2 Macroeconomic Policy Coherence for Gender Equality in Asia-Pacific -- Fiscal Policy Stance -- Effective Fiscal Management and Governance -- Inequalities in Fiscal Policy -- Linking Resources to Results: Outcome Budgets -- Normative Framework and Methodology to Analyse the Fiscal Policy for Gender Equality -- Monetary Policy Stance -- Structural Reforms -- Mapping of Macro Policies in Asia-Pacific -- Identifying Specific Policy Tools -- References -- 3 Gender-Budgeting and Gender Equality Outcomes: Evidence from Asia-Pacific -- Measuring Gender Equality -- Interpreting Data -- The Empirical Investigation -- The Significance to Go Beyond Models -- References -- 4 Gender Budgeting and the Efficacy of Measuring Unpaid Care Economy -- Statistical Invisibility of Unpaid Care Economy -- Time-Use Pattern Across Gender and Geography in India -- Valuation of Unpaid Care Economy: An Illustration -- Gender Budgeting: The Link Between Public Investment and Time Allocation -- References -- 5 Determining Gender Equality in Fiscal Federalism: Evidence from India -- Theoretical and Empirical Literature -- Fiscal Federalism in India: Institutional Details -- Fiscal Federalism Arrangements and Gender Equality -- The Empirical Models and Results -- References -- 6 Fiscal Decentralization and Ex Ante Gender Budgeting: Case Studies of Selected Countries Including India -- Fiscal Decentralization and Gender Frameworks -- Third Tier Institutional Details: Fiscal Devolution Through a Gender Lens -- Fiscal Decentralization and Local Level Gender Budgeting: Case Studies.

This book examines how macro-fiscal policy can lead to gender-aware human development in an emerging economy like India, with special reference to gender budgeting. Integrating gender lens in macro-fiscal policies has been widely recognized in international and national policy making and budgeting. The book highlights the gender diagnosis—the measurement issues relate to construction of gender outcome variables; the statistical invisibility of unpaid care economy sector and how deficiency in public infrastructure can accentuate the private costs; the analytical link between gender outcome variables and macro-fiscal policy frameworks; the role and impact of fiscal transfers on gender equality outcomes at subnational levels; time series of gender budgets in India across sectors and its fiscal marksmanship; gender disaggregated public expenditure benefit incidence analysis to understand the distributional impacts of public spending on women across income quintiles and suggest policy alternatives. The book uses unique database—time use survey data and the disaggregated demand for grants, expenditure budgets using gender lens. The book employs case study, simple statistical tools for the analysis and econometric methodology. Dr. Lekha S. Chakraborty is Professor at National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, India. She is elected as Member of Governing Board of Management of International Institute of Public Finance (IIPF), Munich. She is also affiliated as Research Associate with the Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, New York, USA. She is the pioneer economist who has worked for institutionalizing gender budgeting in India, working with the Chief Economic Advisor, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, in 2004. She is the author of Fiscal Consolidation, Budget deficits and Macroeconomy (2016) and co-author of the book Social Sector in Decentralised Economy: India in the Era of Globalisation (2016). Her work experience on macro-fiscal policy and human development spans across Asia Pacific, and some specific countries include Sweden, Canada, Morocco, the Philippines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Mexico.

Gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) is a fiscal innovation. Innovation, for the purposes of this paper, is defined as a way of transforming a new concept into tangible processes, resources, and institutional mechanisms in which a benefit meets identified problems. GRB is a fiscal innovation in that it translates gender commitments into fiscal commitments by applying a "gender lens" to the identified processes, resources, and institutional mechanisms, and arrives at a desirable benefit incidence. The theoretical treatment of gender budgeting as a fiscal innovation is not incorporated, as the focus of this paper is broadly on the processes involved. GRB as an innovation has four specific components: knowledge processes and networking, institutional mechanisms, learning processes and building capacities, and public accountability and benefit incidence. The paper analyzes these four components of GRB in the context of India. The National Institute of Public Finance and Policy has been the pioneer of gender budgeting in India, and also played a significant role in institutionalizing gender budgeting within the Ministry of Finance, Government of India, in 2005. The Expert Committee Group on "Classification of Budgetary Transactions" makes recommendations on gender budgeting - Ashok Lahiri Committee recommendations - that will become part of the institutionalization process, integrating the analytical matrices of fiscal data through a gender lens and also the institutional innovations for GRB. Revisiting the 2004 Lahiri recommendations and revamping the process of GRB in India is inevitable, at both ex ante and ex post levels.

This paper estimates the incidence of corporate taxes in an emerging economy –India- using the data from 5,666 business firms listed in the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) for the period 2000-15. Using the dynamic panel models, we find that capital bear the burden of corporate taxation relatively more than the labour. Our findings highlight that the effective tax rate is higher for the small corporate firms than the gigantic firms. The tax policy implications for strengthening the wage bargaining frameworks is insignificant as we found the wage determination in India is mostly outside the purview of fiscal policy practices. Further research is required to understand whether less incidence of corporate taxation on wages in India is due to base erosion and profit shifting.

Budget credibility, or the ability of governments to accurately forecast macro-fiscal variables, is crucial for effective public finance management. Fiscal marksmanship analysis captures the extent of errors in the budgetary forecasting. The fiscal rules can determine fiscal marksmanship, as effective fiscal consolidation procedures affect the fiscal behavior of the states in conducting the budgetary forecasts. Against this backdrop, applying Theil's technique, we analyze the fiscal forecasting errors for 28 states (except Telangana) in India for the period 2011-16. There is a heterogeneity in the magnitude of errors across subnational governments in India. The forecast errors in revenue receipts have been greater than revenue expenditure. Within revenue receipts, the errors are more significantly pronounced in the grants component. Within expenditure budgets, the errors in capital spending are found to be greater than revenue spending in all the states. Partitioning the sources of errors, we identified that the errors were more broadly random than due to systematic bias, except for a few crucial macro-fiscal variables where improving the forecasting techniques can provide better estimates.