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Abstract There is a growing consensus about the relevance of the participation of non-state actors in climate governance. However, multiple barriers at the national and global levels still hinder the effectiveness of this engagement. Based on ethnographic research, this article analyses how non-state actors from two organisations −Ecos and the Chilean Indigenous Collective on Climate Change− perceive their participation in national climate governance. We conducted thirty-six semi-structured interviews with participants of two groups committed to climate action, one led by civil society organisations and the other convened by the state and composed of Indigenous Peoples leaders, and also engaged in participant observation. Although their motivations are diverse, all share the common goal of addressing socio-ecological inequalities through responses that emerge from their territories. However, these groups show that both national climate change policy and the international climate governance scenario continue to consider the participation of non-state actors as marginal, symbolic, and instrumental.

Abstract
Indigenous Peoples' advocacy has enabled them to position themselves in global debates on climate change. Although the international community progressively acknowledges Indigenous Peoples' contributions to climate action, their effective recognition in national climate governance remains marginal. This article analyses Indigenous Peoples' recognition in the climate governance of Latin American states based on a document analysis of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) submitted between 2016 and March 2022. A content analysis and a frequency analysis were conducted on 30 documents. Mentions related to Indigenous Peoples in the NDCs are increasing; nevertheless, this recognition reproduces the multicultural approach that has characterized Latin American states' legislations and thereby undermines the coherence of climate policy. The references mainly allude to cultural diversity and climatic vulnerability without addressing the ongoing territorial conflicts that mediate the relationship between Indigenous Peoples and states. Nor do the NDCs recognize the right of Indigenous Peoples to participate at the different levels of climate change decision-making processes. Intercultural recognition of Indigenous Peoples and better standards of participation in climate change governance are mandatory. However, states must first promote institutional transformations to address the historical and institutional factors that have produced Indigenous Peoples' climate vulnerability and generate the necessary mechanisms to implement the recognition committed to in the NDCs.

Significance Statement
The decisions of the Conference of the Parties of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change progressively encourage the participation of Indigenous Peoples and consider their knowledge in decision-making processes. Our article explores how this recommendation is assumed in Latin America through the analysis of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)—the national pledges in the context of the Paris Agreement for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation to climate change. Our findings reveal that the mentions and recognition of Indigenous Peoples in NDCs are increasing. This recognition is not matched by promoting full and meaningful intercultural participation. In addition to generating mechanisms for effective participation, addressing the multiple historical and institutional drivers of Indigenous Peoples' climate vulnerability is necessary.

El cambio climático se ha posicionado en la agenda de investigación de las ciencias sociales. El escaso éxito de las respuestas hegemónicas y el avance de los impactos han fortalecido la irrupción de actores no estatales. Sin embargo, su rol continúa siendo poco explorado, especialmente en América Latina. En este artículo indagamos en tres ámbitos centrales a considerar para enfrentar los desafíos y las políticas asociadas al cambio climático, que aún son áreas incipientes de investigación en Latinoamérica: las demandas de participación de los pueblos indígenas; la organización de la sociedad civil, y la colaboración entre comunidades locales, academia y otros actores sociales a través de la transdisciplina. Resulta urgente que las respuestas de los actores no estatales sean tomadas en mayor consideración. Además de fortalecer la democracia, la participación de estos actores conlleva el potencial de promover las transformaciones necesarias para responder de manera justa al cambio climático.

Climate change has a direct impact on the seasons. These changes can significantly impact communities living in close interdependence with their territories, such as Indigenous Peoples. Furthermore, these impacts are often entangled and reinforced by other ecological and social processes that affect how communities organise themselves. Drawing from ethnographic research complemented by the life story of a Pewenche woman, this article analyses the intertwined effects of climate change and state policy on the knowledge and seasonality of the Pewenche People in the Southern Andes, Chile. As a result of extensive exploitation of the territory, the implementation of development programmes and the current impacts of climate change, the Pewenche are facing numerous changes that directly affect the rhythms and frequencies that have historically shaped the seasons while impacting their activities, livelihoods and traditions. Their transhumance cycles have been affected, and their economies and calendars must adjust to the new rhythms imposed by state policy. The multiple seasonalities that come into play affect how the Pewenche identify themselves, construct meanings about social life, and position themselves vis-à-vis the state. A reflection on what it means to be Pewenche today has been opened. The bewilderment calls for action and policies that recognise the value of traditional ecological knowledge in fostering resilience and maintaining cultural identity, can respond to the changes and, at the same time, maintain the balance.

[Background] Gene expression analyses demand appropriate reference genes (RGs) for normalization, in order to obtain reliable assessments. Ideally, RG expression levels should remain constant in all cells, tissues or experimental conditions under study. Housekeeping genes traditionally fulfilled this requirement, but they have been reported to be less invariant than expected; therefore, RGs should be tested and validated for every particular situation. Microarray data have been used to propose new RGs, but only a limited set of model species and conditions are available; on the contrary, RNA-seq experiments are more and more frequent and constitute a new source of candidate RGs. ; [Results] An automated workflow based on mapped NGS reads has been constructed to obtain highly and invariantly expressed RGs based on a normalized expression in reads per mapped million and the coefficient of variation. This workflow has been tested with Roche/454 reads from reproductive tissues of olive tree (Olea europaea L.), as well as with Illumina paired-end reads from two different accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana and three different human cancers (prostate, small-cell cancer lung and lung adenocarcinoma). Candidate RGs have been proposed for each species and many of them have been previously reported as RGs in literature. Experimental validation of significant RGs in olive tree is provided to support the algorithm. ; [Conclusion] Regardless sequencing technology, number of replicates, and library sizes, when RNA-seq experiments are designed and performed, the same datasets can be analyzed with our workflow to extract suitable RGs for subsequent PCR validation. Moreover, different subset of experimental conditions can provide different suitable RGs. ; This research was supported by co-funding from the European Union through the ERDF 2014–2020 "Programa Operativo de Crecimiento Inteligente" to the projects RTA2013-00068-C03 and RTA2013-00023-C02 of the Spanish INIA; BFU2011-22779 and RECUPERA2020-3.1.4 from the Spanish MINECO, P11-CVI-7487 from the regional PAI and NEUMOSUR grant 12/2015 entitled "Expresión de retrotransposones en pacientes con adenocarcinoma intervenido. Comparación entre tejjido sano y tumoral". Publication costs were funded by the mentioned grants ; Peer reviewed

[Background]: The advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies are allowing more and more de novo assembling of transcriptomes from many new organisms. Some degree of automation and evaluation is required to warrant reproducibility, repetitivity and the selection of the best possible transcriptome. Workflows and pipelines are becoming an absolute requirement for such a purpose, but the issue of assembling evaluation for de novo transcriptomes in organisms lacking a sequenced genome remains unsolved. An automated, reproducible and flexible framework called TransFlow to accomplish this task is described. ; [Results]: TransFlow with its five independent modules was designed to build different workflows depending on the nature of the original reads. This architecture enables different combinations of Illumina and Roche/454 sequencing data, and can be extended to other sequencing platforms. Its capabilities are illustrated with the selection of reliable plant reference transcriptomes and the assembling six transcriptomes (three case studies for grapevine leaves, olive tree pollen, and chestnut stem, and other three for haustorium, epiphytic structures and their combination for the phytopathogenic fungus Podosphaera xanthii). Arabidopsis and poplar transcriptomes revealed to be the best references. A common result regarding de novo assemblies is that Illumina paired-end reads of 100 nt in length assembled with OASES can provide reliable transcriptomes, while the contribution of longer reads is noticeable only when they complement a set of short, single-reads. ; [Conclusions]:TransFlow can handle up to 181 different assembling strategies. Evaluation based on principal component analyses allows its self-adaptation to different sets of reads to provide a suitable transcriptome for each combination of reads and assemblers. As a result, each case study has its own behaviour, prioritises evaluation parameters, and gives an objective and automated way for detecting the best transcriptome within a pool of them. Sequencing data type and quantity (preferably several hundred millions of 2×100 nt or longer), assemblers (OASES for Illumina, MIRA4 and EULER-SR reconciled with CAP3 for Roche/454) and strategy (preferably scaffolding with OASES, and probably merging with Roche/454 when available) arise as the most impacting factors. ; This work was supported by co-funding by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) 2014-2020 "Programa Operativo de Crecimiento Inteligente" together with Spanish AEI "Agencia Estatal de Investigación" (BFU2016-77243-P, RTC-2015-4181-2, RTC-2016-4824-2, AGL2013-41939-R and AGL2016-76216-C2-1-R), AEI-INIA (RTA2013-00023-C02 and RTA2013-00068-C03), and Junta de Andalucía (P2011-CVI-7487), as well as CSIC grant 201540E065. PS received a postdoctoral fellowship from Junta de Andalucía linked to grant P10-CVI-6075. Publication costs were funded by the mentioned RTA2013-00068-C03 grant.

The knowledge of the genetic variability of the local population is of utmost importance in personalized medicine and has been revealed as a critical factor for the discovery of new disease variants. Here, we present the Collaborative Spanish Variability Server (CSVS), which currently contains more than 2000 genomes and exomes of unrelated Spanish individuals. This database has been generated in a collaborative crowdsourcing effort collecting sequencing data produced by local genomic projects and for other purposes. Sequences have been grouped by ICD10 upper categories. A web interface allows querying the database removing one or more ICD10 categories. In this way, aggregated counts of allele frequencies of the pseudo-control Spanish population can be obtained for diseases belonging to the category removed. Interestingly, in addition to pseudo-control studies, some population studies can be made, as, for example, prevalence of pharmacogenomic variants, etc. In addition, this genomic data has been used to define the first Spanish Genome Reference Panel (SGRP1.0) for imputation. This is the first local repository of variability entirely produced by a crowdsourcing effort and constitutes an example for future initiatives to characterize local variability worldwide. CSVS is also part of the GA4GH Beacon network. CSVS can be accessed at: http://csvs.babelomics.org/. ; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [SAF2017-88908-R, PT17/0009/0006 to J.D.; PI19/00321 and CIBERER ACCI-06/07/0036 to C.A., PI14-948, PI171659 and CIBERER ACCI-06/07/0036 to M.A.M.P.]; Regional Government of Madrid, RAREGenomicsCM [B2017/BMD-3721 to C.A. and B2017/BMD3721 to M.A.M.P.]; all co-funded with European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) as well as EU H2020INFRADEV-1-2015-1 ELIXIR-EXCELERATE [676559]; University Chair UAM-IIS-FJD of Genomic Medicine and the Ramon Areces Foundation also supported this work. Funding for open access charge: Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [SAF2017-88908-R]. ; Sí

The knowledge of the genetic variability of the local population is of utmost importance in personalized medicine and has been revealed as a critical factor for the discovery of new disease variants. Here, we present the Collaborative Spanish Variability Server (CSVS), which currently contains more than 2000 genomes and exomes of unrelated Spanish individuals. This database has been generated in a collaborative crowdsourcing effort collecting sequencing data produced by local genomic projects and for other purposes. Sequences have been grouped by ICD10 upper categories. A web interface allows querying the database removing one or more ICD10 categories. In this way, aggregated counts of allele frequencies of the pseudo-control Spanish population can be obtained for diseases belonging to the category removed. Interestingly, in addition to pseudo-control studies, some population studies can be made, as, for example, prevalence of pharmacogenomic variants, etc. In addition, this genomic data has been used to define the first Spanish Genome Reference Panel (SGRP1.0) for imputation. This is the first local repository of variability entirely produced by a crowdsourcing effort and constitutes an example for future initiatives to characterize local variability worldwide. CSVS is also part of the GA4GH Beacon network. CSVS can be accessed at: http://csvs.babelomics.org/. ; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [SAF2017-88908-R, PT17/0009/0006 to J.D.; PI19/00321 and CIBERER ACCI-06/07/0036 to C.A., PI14-948, PI17-1659 and CIBERER ACCI-06/07/0036 to M.A.M.P.]; Regional Government of Madrid, RAREGenomics-CM [B2017/BMD-3721 to C.A. and B2017/BMD3721 to M.A.M.P.]; all co-funded with European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) as well as EU H2020-INFRADEV-1-2015-1 ELIXIR-EXCELERATE [676559]; University Chair UAM-IIS-FJD of Genomic Medicine and the Ramon Areces Foundation also supported this work. Funding for open access charge: Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [SAF2017-88908-R]. ; Peer reviewed