Suchergebnisse

The aim of this thesis is to examine the competition patterns that exist between originators and generics by focusing on the articulations between regulation and incentives to innovate. Once the characteristics of regulation in pharmaceutical markets is reviewed in the first chapter and an analysis of some current challenges related to cost-containment measures and innovation issues is performed, then in the second chapter, an empirical study is performed to investigate substitution patterns. Based on the EC´s merger decisions in the pharmaceutical sector from 1989 to 2011, this study stresses the key criteria to define the scope of the relevant product market based on substitution patterns and shows the trend towards a narrower market in time. Chapters three and four aim to analyse in depth two widespread measures, the internal reference pricing system in off-patent markets, and risk-sharing schemes in patent-protected markets. By taking into account informational advantages of originators over generics, the third chapter shows the extent to which the implementation of a reference price for off-patent markets can contribute in promoting innovation. Finally, in the fourth chapter, the modeling of risk-sharing schemes explains how such schemes can help in solving moral hazard and adverse selection issues by continuously giving pharmaceutical companies incentives to innovate and supplying medicinal products of a higher quality. ; In dieser Arbeit werden erstmals die Merkmale der Regulierung auf Pharmamärkten beschrieben und die aktuellen Fragen bezüglich der verschiedenen Marktteilnehmer (Patienten, Ärzte, Krankenkassen) vorgestellt, die im Verlauf dieser Dissertation beantwortet werden: Was sind die Substitutionsmuster auf den Pharmamärkten? Wie kann Preiswettbewerb gefördert werden ohne die Innovationsanreize zu gefährden? Wie können Patienten mit innovativen Arzneimitteln versorgt werden ohne das Haushaltsbudget zu gefährden? Um die erste Frage zu beantworten wird in dem zweiten Teil dieser Dissertation die Definition der relevanten Marktabgrenzung auf Pharmamärkten untersucht. Hierbei wird die Praxis der Europäischen Kommission zur Marktabgrenzung im Bereich Fusionen durch eine ökonometrische Analyse untersucht, um die Substitutionskriterien ausführlich zu analysieren. Der dritte Teil dieser Arbeit untersucht die Funktion sowie die Auswirkungen eines internen Referenzpreissystems auf die Innovationsanreize von Pharmaunternehmen. Zu diesem Zweck werden zunächst die existierenden Verzerrungen im Wettbewerb zwischen Originalpräparaten und Generika betrachtet. Daraufhin sollen die Auswirkungen der Implementierung eines Referenzpreissystems erläutert werden. Die abschließenden Schlussfolgerungen unterstreichen die Relevanz eines solchen Systems, um Anreize für Innovationen zu setzen. Nach der Analyse des Referenzpreissystems für Produkte, die nicht mehr unter Patentschutz stehen, um den Preiswettbewerb zu stärken, bezieht sich der vierte und letzte Teil auf die Vereinbarungen zur Risikoteilung, die eine Alternative sind, um kosteneffiziente innovative Arzneimittel verfügbar zu machen. Zu diesem Zweck werden Vereinbarungen zur Risikoteilung theoretisch in Bezug auf Fragestellungen zu moralischem Risiko und adverser Selektion untersucht. Im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass Vereinbarungen zur Risikoteilung wünschenswert sind, weil sie Firmen Anreize geben, im Laufe des Lebenszyklus eines Arzneimittels zu investieren. Dazu kann bewiesen werden, dass nur eine Firma mit einem effizienten Produkt eine Vereinbarung zur Risikoteilung anbieten würde. Als Schlussbemerkungen werden weitere Forschungsaspekte, vor allem biologische Präparate, angesprochen.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the competition patterns that exist between originators and generics by focusing on the articulations between regulation and incentives to innovate. Once the characteristics of regulation in pharmaceutical markets is reviewed in the first chapter and an analysis of some current challenges related to cost-containment measures and innovation issues is performed, then in the second chapter, an empirical study is performed to investigate substitution patterns. Based on the EC´s merger decisions in the pharmaceutical sector from 1989 to 2011, this study stresses the key criteria to define the scope of the relevant product market based on substitution patterns and shows the trend towards a narrower market in time. Chapters three and four aim to analyse in depth two widespread measures, the internal reference pricing system in off-patent markets, and risk-sharing schemes in patent-protected markets. By taking into account informational advantages of originators over generics, the third chapter shows the extent to which the implementation of a reference price for off-patent markets can contribute in promoting innovation. Finally, in the fourth chapter, the modeling of risk-sharing schemes explains how such schemes can help in solving moral hazard and adverse selection issues by continuously giving pharmaceutical companies incentives to innovate and supplying medicinal products of a higher quality. ; Dans une économie mondialisée sur un secteur très concurrentiel, ce travail de recherche articulé en cinq parties propose d'étudier de nouveaux schémas de concurrence entre médicaments princeps et génériques au sein de l'Union Européenne, en intégrant les articulations entre régulation publique et incitations à innover. Dans une première partie introductive, les spécificités réglementaires très évolutives des marchés pharmaceutiques sont présentées ainsi que leurs conséquences induites sur les systèmes de prix et l'innovation.La deuxième partie, vise à analyser dans un premier temps l'approche adoptée par la Commission Européenne et les autorités de concurrence des divers Etats membres quant à la définition du marché pertinent de produits sur ces marchés. Plus particulièrement, dans un second temps, une étude empirique des schémas de substitution existants est développée à partir des décisions prises par la Commission Européenne de 1989 à 2011 en matière de fusions dans le secteur concerné. Cet examen des différents critères retenus pour définir la taille du marché pertinent souligne la tendance lourde à définir des marchés pertinents de produits toujours plus étroits, atteignant même le niveau moléculaire.Dans la troisième partie, l'analyse du système de prix de référence mis en place dans de nombreux Etats membres sur ces marchés concurrentiels, montre,en prenant en compte les avantages informatifs des princeps, dans quelle mesure la mise en place d'un tel système, peut favoriser l'innovation.Sous la quatrième partie, la modélisation de l'impact des nouveaux modèles d'accords de partage de risques se propose d'étudier comment de tels accords peuvent résoudre les problématiques d'aléa moral et de sélection adverse sur ces marchés, en incitant les entreprises à investir dans leur produit et à renforcer la qualité des biens fournis.Enfin, la partie cinq conclut le travail en mettant en perspective les résultats obtenus et en analysant les conséquences sous-jacentes pour les politiques publiques.

Over the last years, many cost-containment measures were implemented by the government leading to drastic price-cuts. New paradigms and healthcare models are emerging and health technology assessments are increasingly taken into consideration. France has the second biggest rank in terms of healthcare spending after the US. Pharmaceuticals represented around 19% of the budget of the Health Insurance funds in 2009. In France, innovative pharmaceuticals have been subject for a long-time to price-control and cost-containment measures. The present review provides a general description of the French health care system, analyzing the developments and changes by the recent French health care reform.

Over the last years, many cost-containment measures were implemented by the government leading to drastic price-cuts. New paradigms and healthcare models are emerging and health technology assessments are increasingly taken into consideration. France has the second biggest rank in terms of healthcare spending after the US. Pharmaceuticals represented around 19% of the budget of the Health Insurance funds in 2009. In France, innovative pharmaceuticals have been subject for a long-time to price-control and cost-containment measures. The present review provides a general description of the French health care system, analyzing the developments and changes by the recent French health care reform.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the competition patterns that exist between originators and generics by focusing on the articulations between regulation and incentives to innovate. Once the characteristics of regulation in pharmaceutical markets is reviewed in the first chapter and an analysis of some current challenges related to cost-containment measures and innovation issues is performed, then in the second chapter, an empirical study is performed to investigate substitution patterns. Based on the EC´s merger decisions in the pharmaceutical sector from 1989 to 2011, this study stresses the key criteria to define the scope of the relevant product market based on substitution patterns and shows the trend towards a narrower market in time. Chapters three and four aim to analyse in depth two widespread measures, the internal reference pricing system in off-patent markets, and risk-sharing schemes in patent-protected markets. By taking into account informational advantages of originators over generics, the third chapter shows the extent to which the implementation of a reference price for off-patent markets can contribute in promoting innovation. Finally, in the fourth chapter, the modeling of risk-sharing schemes explains how such schemes can help in solving moral hazard and adverse selection issues by continuously giving pharmaceutical companies incentives to innovate and supplying medicinal products of a higher quality.