Suchergebnisse

Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions. Funding: This work was supported by personal fellowship award (to KG) from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Governments Health and Social Care Directorates, grant number [PDF/09/01]. The Health Services Research Unit is supported by a core grant from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Individual patient randomized trials are the gold standard for assessing the effects of health care evaluations. However, individual randomization may not be possible for practical, logistical, ethical, or political reasons, for example, when evaluating health care professional and organizational behavior change interventions. Under such circumstances, cluster randomized trials are commonly used. This article discusses the practical and ethical issues in the design, conduct, and analysis of cluster randomized trials of professional behavior and organizational change strategies using examples from two primary studies evaluating health care provider behavior change strategies. Cluster randomized trials are commonly used in health care. They raise distinct ethical and methodological issues that have rarely been adequately addressed in studies to date.

Individual patient randomized trials are the gold standard for assessing the effects of health care evaluations. However, individual randomization may not be possible for practical, logistical, ethical, or political reasons, for example, when evaluating health care professional & organizational behavior change interventions. Under such circumstances, cluster randomized trials are commonly used. This article discusses the practical & ethical issues in the design, conduct, & analysis of cluster randomized trials of professional behavior & organizational change strategies using examples from two primary studies evaluating health care provider behavior change strategies. Cluster randomized trials are mainly used in health care. They raise distinct ethical & methodological issues that have rarely been adequately addressed in studies to date. 4 Tables, 64 References. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright 2005 The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the nurses who gave their time to participate in the workplace intervention development steps. The Health Services Research Unit is funded by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates. The views expressed are those of the authors alone. Funding This work was funded through a Medical Research Council doctoral training award. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank the stakeholders who participated in the study for their time. Funding: This work was supported by personal fellowship award (to KG) from the Medical Research Council Strategic Skills Methodology Fellowship (MRC MR/ L01193X/1). KI and SC were supported by awards from the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme (HTA ref 14/192/71, HTA ref 11/58/15). The Health Services Research Unit is supported by a core grant from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Funding: KG was supported by an MRC Methodology Research Fellowship (MR/L01193X/1). The views and opinions expressed therein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the MRC. PRW was funded by the MRC North West Hub for Trials Methodology Research (MR/K025635/1) and the MRC/NIHR Trials Methodology Research Partnership (MR/S014357/1). The Health Services Research Unit is core-funded by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates (CZU/3/3). Acknowledgements: The ELICIT Study team would like to thank Cynthia Fraser for help with developing and running the search strategies for the literature review, the DelphiManager team for all their support and guidance on the use of the Delphi platform, Health Services Research Unit Patient Involvement Group critical review of the Delphi questionnaire before dissemination, Heather Bagley for further comments on the Delphi questionnaire and also for dissemination of the survey information and link to a range of patient facing organisations, and to Beverley Smith for her assistance in organising the consensus meeting. We would also like to thank all participants of the study (including interview participants, Delphi respondents, and consensus meeting members) and organisations who disseminated the survey. Data Sharing: Data from the systematic review and Delphi survey phases of work are available from the corresponding author on request. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Funding RECAP was funded by the Academy of Medical Sciences (SBF002\1014) and KG was funded by a Medical Research Council Strategic Skills Methodology Fellowship (MR/L01193X/1). The Health Services Research Unit, Institute of Applied Health Sciences (University of Aberdeen), is core funded by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates (CZU/3/3). ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Funding The original study was funded by the Chief Scientist Office, grant number CZH/4/610. The analyses reported here were funded by a Medical Research Council Doctoral Training Grant awarded to the first author. The Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, is core funded by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates. The funding sources had no role in the study design; the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the article for publication ; Peer reviewed ; Postprint

Funding This project was commissioned by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment Programme (10/31/02) and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment. Further information including the protocol is available at: http://www.nets.nihr.ac.uk/projects/hta/103102. This report presents independent research commissioned by the NIHR. The Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, University of Stirling and the Health Services Research Unit, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen are both core-funded by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates. The views expressed are those of the authors alone. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Article Accepted Date: 24 June 2014 This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank our coapplicants and research team: Mastrick Café Crèche, Aberdeen and St Cuthbert's and Palatine Children's Centre, Blackpool. Shelley Farrar and Nicola Crossland contributed to the survey design. Grant co-applicants Professor Fiona Dykes, Professor David Tappin and Dr Falko Sniehotta for their collaboration and input to the overall BIBS study design. They also thank the members of the public, the women, families and staff from health services, local government, voluntary sector and other organisations, who generously provided their time by participating in the BIBS study. Other members of the BIBS study team, in particular, Fiona Stewart and Cynthia Fraser for providing guidance with literature searching and reference management; Lara Kemp for providing secretarial support. Funding: This project was commissioned by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme (10/31/02) and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment. Further information including the protocol is available at: http://www.nets.nihr.ac.uk/projects/hta/103102. This report presents independent research commissioned by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). The Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, University of Stirling, the Health Services Research Unit, and Health Economics Research Unit, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen are all core-funded by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

Acknowledgements The UK-REBOA trial grantholders include Jan O. Jansen, University of Aberdeen, UK, and University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; Marion K. Campbell, University of Aberdeen, UK; Chris Moran, Nottingham University Hospital Trust, UK; Karim Brohi, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Fiona Lecky, University of Sheffield, UK; Robbie Lendrum, Bart's Health NHS Trust, UK; Graeme MacLennan, University of Aberdeen, UK; Jonathan J. Morrison, University of Maryland, USA; Nigel Tai, Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, UK; Tim Harris, Bart's Health NHS Trust, UK; John Norrie, University of Edinburgh, UK; Dwayne Boyers, University of Aberdeen, UK; Alan Paterson, University of Strathclyde, UK; and Nick Welch. Funding {4} This study/project is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) HTA Programme (reference 14/199/09). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The funder has/had no role in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; or writing the manuscript. The Health Services Research Unit, Institute of Applied Health Sciences (University of Aberdeen), is core-funded by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF