Suchergebnisse

This study investigates the existence and shape of an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) across 16 developed countries and 58 developing countries during the period 1995-2010. The basic model of the EKC is a polynomial equation of real GDP per capita. The EKC model estimated for CO2 emission per capita was extended by using control variables, such as trade, urban population, fossil fuel consumption, and service sector. Based on the nonparametric test of poolability of Badi H. Baltagi, Javier Hidalgo, and Qi Li (1996), the relationship was found to have structural stability. A nonparametric pooled regression model was constructed, which allowed functional form flexibility and considered the endogeneity problem often emphasized in the EKC literature. The estimation results show the nonexistence of an EKC for both groups. The study also indicates the existence of nonlinearity and heterogeneity in the relationships between CO2 emission and the control variables across both groups.

AbstractIn recent years, studies show that obesity has become an important health condition, especially among adults. The first aim of this study is to examine socio-demographic and behavioural factors on body mass index distribution of male and female adults over 20 years old in Turkey. The second aim is to determine the body mass index disparity by gender and the socio-demographic and behavioural factors that might wider or narrow it. This study adopts unconditional quantile regression and decomposition methods, and the data set covers the Turkish Health Surveys for 2014, 2016, and 2019. The findings document that high level of body mass index are associated with being married, aging, and physical inactivity. Interestingly, employment status has different contributions on the body mass index of males and females. The results also claim a body mass index gap among males and females as a result of differences in some potential socio-demographic and behavioural factors, and the gap gets higher at the upper and lower quantiles of BMI distribution. This study may provide a clear understanding for policymakers on how to design efficacious obesity policies considering the differences in the effect of socio-demographic and behavioural factors on the distribution of body mass index across females and males. The results suggest that the Ministry of Health should specifically target different groups for males and females and should reduce the differences in socio-demographic and behavioural determinants between females and males to prevent and reduce obesity prevalence in Turkey.

This sudy uses a Mincerian earnings function to estimate the effect of education and experience on the wages of women working in developed business and trade center of Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. It employs a robust median regression and M Regression to estimate the fuctions for both public and private sectors. The paper also estimates the fuction using a least squared regression for comparisson. Finding/Originality: The results show that returns to education for women employees in private sector are higher than that of in the public sector. In contrast, the returns to experience for women employees in the public sector are higher than those in the private sector. The study reveals that schooling has strong causal effects on wages. Therefore, the goverment should give sufficient priority to education. Every Som spent in quality education generates strong positive returns for the whole economy. so that Kyrgyz government should put more efforts to enable individuals staying longer in education