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ON 3 OCTOBER 1993 ARGENTINIANS VOTED IN MID-TERM ELECTIONS FOR THE CHAMBER OF NATIONAL DEPUTIES FOR THE SECOND TIME SINCE THE INAUGURATION OF THE MENEM ADMINISTRATION IN JULY 1989. THE INCUMBENT PERONIST PARTY (PJ) OBTAINED 42 PER CENT OF VOTES (65 SEATS); ITS MAIN CONTENDER, THE RADICAL PARTY (UCR) OF FORMER PRESIDENT RAUL ALFONSIN, SECURED 30 PER CENT OF THE VOTES (41 SEATS). THE GOVERNMENT INTERPRETED ITS VICTORY AS A POPULAR ENDORSEMENT OF ITS ECONOMIC PROGRAMME THAT HAD BROUGHT SKYROCKETING ARGENTINE INFLATION UNDER CONTROL. MOREOVER, PRESIDENT MENEM CONSIDERED THE RESULTS AS A MANDATE TO REFORM THE CONSTITUTION AND THEREBY ALLOW HIM TO SEEK RE-ELECTION. THE AGREEMENT OF TWO-THIRDS OF THE CHAMBER OF NATIONAL DEPUTIES AND THE SENATE IS NECESSARY TO CALL FOR A CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. THE PERONIST PARTY IS CURRENTLY 45 DEPUTIES SHORT OF THE TWO-THIRDS IN THE CHAMBER. PRESIDENT MENEM HAS PROPOSED A DIALOGUE TO THE OPPOSITION AND TO THE DISSIDENT PERONIST SENATORS (THAT INCLUDE AN ALTERNATIVE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE) TO RESOLVE THIS ISSUE, WHILE ANNOUNCING HIS INTENTION TO CALL A PLEBISCITE OVER THE REFORM IN SUPPORT OF HIS POSITION.

[ES] Este artículo revisa, a la luz de la Directiva Marco del Agua (DMA) y de las conclusiones de las reuniones internacionales ligadas al agua celebradas en los últimos años, las directrices que debe seguir una política sostenible del agua. Al tiempo tiene vocación de sintetizar los artículos que completan el presente monográfico. Algunas de nuestras valoraciones están más desarrolladas en los artículos que siguen. Con todos guarda una buena sintonía. Por ello, lo más singular de esta contribución, es la valoración de alguna característica relevante de la política española que, posteriormente, es comparada con las directrices identificadas. El resultado es un conjunto de reflexiones personales cuyo objetivo es contribuir a encontrar la senda de la sostenibilidad. Dada la complejidad del tema y la multiplicidad de ángulos que el análisis admite, el texto, sin duda, puede animar el debate que hoy se echa en falta. Conviene decir, para concluir, que aún cuando las más de las reflexiones se re ; Cabrera, E.; Roldan Cañas, J.; Cabrera Jr., E.; Cobacho, R. (2003). Directrices para una política sostenible del agua. Ingeniería del agua. 10(3):245-257. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2003.2584 ; OJS ; 245 ; 257 ; 10 ; 3 ; ASCE Task Committee on Hydraulic Engineering Research Advocacy, 1996. Environmental hydraulics: new research directions for the 21st century. Journal of Hydrualic Engineering. ASCE. April 1.996. pp 180 - 183. ; Barraqué B., 2003. La nueva política del agua en Europa, tras la Directiva Marco del Agua. Ingeniería del Agua, volumen 10 nº 3. Septiembre 2003 ; BOE, (Boletín Oficial del Estado) 2001. Ley de Aguas. Real Decreto Legislativo 1/2001de 20 de Julio. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente. Madrid. ; Bogardi J.J. y Szollosi-Nagi A., 2003. Las Políticas del Agua en el Siglo XXI. Una revisión tras la cumbre de Johannesburgo. Ingeniería del Agua, volumen 10 nº 3. Septiembre 2003 ; Bonnnin J., 1.984. L'eau dans l'antiqueté. L'hydraulique avant notre ère. Collection de la Direction des Etudes et Recherches ...

[ES] This article reviews, in the light of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the conclusions of the international water-related meetings held in recent years, the guidelines to be followed by a sustainable water policy. At the same time, it is intended to summarise the articles that supplement this monograph. Some of our assessments are further developed in the following articles. He is well tuned with everyone. Therefore, the most unique feature of this contribution is the assessment of a relevant feature of Spanish policy, which is then compared with the identified guidelines. The result is a set of personal reflections aimed at helping to find a path to sustainability. Given the complexity of the topic and the multiplicity of angles that the analysis admits, the text can certainly stimulate the debate that is missing today. It should be noted, in conclusion, that even when the most of the reflections go Cabrera, E.; Roldan Cañas, J.; Cabrera Jr., E.; Cobacho, R. (2003). Guidelines for a sustainable water policy. Engineering of water. 10 (3): 245-257. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2003.2584 Barraqué B., 2003. The new water policy in Europe, following the Water Framework Directive. Water Engineering Volume 10 No. 3. September 2003 BOE (Official State Gazette) 2001. Law on Water. Royal Legislative Decree 1/2001de 20 July. Ministry of the Environment. Madrid. Bogardi J.J. and Szollosi-Nagi A., 2003. Water policies in the 21st century. A review following the Johannesburg Summit. Water Engineering Volume 10 No. 3. September 2003 CMMAD (Global Commission for Environment and Development), 1988. Our Common Future. Editorial Alliance. Madrid, 1988,1989, 1992 COICCP, (Colegio Oficial de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos), 1975. Hydraulic policy. Social mission of the risks. Postuma publication of Joaquín Costa's speeches. Official College of Civil, Canaries and Ports Engineers. Madrid. 1.975 COROMINAS J., 2000. The economic role of groundwater in Andalusia. Marcelino Botín Foundation. Madrid. "Hydraulics and ...

BackgroundKnowledge of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in untreated HIV‐infected patients is fundamental in the epidemiological surveillance programs, because it is associated with suboptimal virological outcome of first‐line HAART. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of TDR in newly diagnosed Cuban patients.Methods250 HIV‐1‐infected patients diagnosed between 2009 and 2011 were included in the study. RNA was isolated from plasma and used as target to amplify the pol gen by RT‐nested PCR. PCR products were sequenced and the data generated used to determine the viral subtype by phylogenetic analyses. The TDR were detected by means of Stanford University calibrated population resistance tool, using the 2009 surveillance drug resistance mutations list.ResultsBaseline characteristic were as follows: 78.4% of the cases were males, mean age was 35.5 years, 66.3% of infections were acquired by homosexual transmission and the median viral load was 4.6 log. The 39.2% of the analyzed samples corresponded to the subtype B and 60.8% for non‐B genetic forms, with prevalence of CRF 19_cpx, CRF 20 BG and CRF 23 BG [1]. The overall prevalence of TDR increased in comparison with previous studies (19.2% versus 5.2%) [2]. The majority of mutations were seen within the group of nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NRTI) (8.5%) and non‐NRTI (9.7%). TDR was less common in the group of protease inhibitors (1.7%). The most common mutations were M184V and K103N for the NRTIs and NNRTIs, respectively. The prevalence of TDR in samples of the subtype G was significant (p = 0.005) in comparison with other genetic forms.ConclusionsThis study confirms an increase in the transmission of resistance‐associated mutations, which indicates the importance of maintaining a constant epidemiological surveillance of the TDR in newly diagnosed Cuban patients.