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"In 1923, the Southern Historical Society (SHS) published 'Proceedings of the Confederate Congress' in its journal, Southern Historical Society Papers. It was the first of nine issues containing congressional minutes from the public sessions of the Confederate Congress that met in Richmond, Virginia from February 1862 to March 1865. Unlike the summary notations of the official US congressional journals, the 'Proceedings' were drawn primarily from the archives of two newspapers from Richmond, Virginia-the Examiner and the Dispatch-which served the Confederacy's capital city. These journalists['] reports preserved nearly verbatim transcripts of speeches, debates, and bills considered by the Confederate legislature, including details seldom available from other sources, and have proven to be invaluable sources for Confederate political history. 'Proceedings of the Confederate Congress' is not without problems, however, chief among them its lack of completeness. Owing to budgetary constraints and lack of resources, SHS president Douglas Southall Freeman was forced to focus exclusively on the sessions of the Regular Confederate Congress beginning in 1862. None of the proceedings of the Montgomery and Richmond Provisional Congresses of 1861 and 1862 were included in the series. With 'Congress of States,' David Carlson fills this void by compiling and editing the minutes of these early legislative sessions from daily press reports published in newspapers in Richmond, Virginia; Montgomery, Alabama; Charleston, South Carolina; New Orleans, Louisiana; and Savannah and Augusta, Georgia, in the process assembling a complete set of transcriptions documenting the creation of the Confederate government. When delegations from South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and, later, Texas met in Montgomery, Alabama in February 1861 to discuss the creation of a southern national government, none had been authorized to do so by the conventions that sent them. Within weeks, however, they launched a de facto constitutional convention, formed a government, and selected Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens to serve as president and vice president of the new nation. This transpired at a critical juncture prior to Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration when eight other slave states had yet to act. The delegates understood their place on the public stage and newspapers' usefulness in espousing and galvanizing their cause. From its initial formation through the expansion of the Confederacy and the new government's official establishment in the capital city of Richmond, Virginia, the Provisional Congress provided a vehicle around which the new nation coalesced as members negotiated with states and foreign governments, mobilized a military, consulted with constituents, and forged a national culture. As the conflict deepened, sensitive business increasingly took place behind closed doors away from the public, reporters, and the risk of espionage (as would also be true in the Regular Confederate Congress), but even the public functions that remained and were reported on in open chambers provide valuable insights into the workings and mindset of the Confederate government. Intended as a primary source and reference for libraries, historians, and political scientists of the nineteenth century, 'Congress of States' provides an introduction explaining the Provisional Confederate Congress and the background and purpose of the book relative to the SHS and its 'Proceedings of the Confederate Congress'; a chronology outlining the major events surrounding the secession crisis which informed and influenced the Provisional Congress; annotated minutes for each of Provisional Confederate Congress's five sessions; and appendices featuring the leadership and committees of the Provisional Congress, primary source documents referenced but not included in the proceedings, and examples of the proposed emblem and flags debated as symbols of the Confederacy"--

TWO HYPOTHESES DERIVED FROM TOMKINS' THEORY OF IDEOLOGICAL SCRIPTS WERE TESTED IN A STUDY OF VOTERS' PERCEPTIONS OF MAJOR CANDIDATES 1 MONTH PRIOR TO THE 1984 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. COLLEGE STUDENTS AND COMMUNITY ADULTS "CAST" CANDIDATES AS LEADING CHARACTERS IN IMAGINARY TV DRAMAS REPRESENTING HUMANISTIC VS NORMATIVE TRIADS OF AFFECTS, AND COMPLETED AN ABRIDGED VERSION OF TOMKINS' POLARITY SCALE. SPECIFIC PREDICTIONS WERE THAT (1) REPUBLICAN CANDIDATES REAGAN AND BUSH WOULD BE ASSIGNED TO PLOTS DEALING WITH NORMATIVE AFFECTS OF EXCITEMENT, ANGER, AND CONTEMPT, WHILE DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATES MONDALE AND FERRARO WOULD BE ASSIGNED TO PLOTS DEALING WITH HUMANISTIC AFFECTS OF JOY, DISTRESS, AND SHAME; (2) MEN WOULD MORE FREQUENTLY ENDORSE A PERSONAL NORMATIVE IDEOLOGICAL POSTURE, WOMEN A MORE HUMANISTIC POSTURE. BOTH HYPOTHESES WERE SUPPORTED (P < 0.001 P < 0.02, RESPECTIVELY). RESPONDENTS' POLITICAL PARTY PREFERENCES SHOWED NO MODERATING EFFECTS.

In recent years, the structure of executive/employee compensation packages has focused less on stock options and more on restricted stock. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) characterizes both of these alternatives as stockbased compensation. The reasons for the shift are numerous and include increased scrutiny of executive pay after recent corporate scandals and a renewed emphasis on the expensing of stock options using the fair value method. In this case, we focus on the issues that led Jones Apparel Group, Inc. to change its focus from stock options to restricted stock in the compensation package of its Chief Executive Officer. Jones was not subject to any scandal or corporate malfeasance, but the case demonstrates how recent events have impacted companies that use stock-based compensation. The case allows students to compare and contrast the corporate governance and accounting impacts of stock options and restricted stock.

To reduce blackbird (Icteridae) damage to field crops in the north-central United States, dense stands of cattail (Typha spp.) are thinned with glyphosate herbicide. The stands become unusable as roosting and loafing sites, which helps to protect susceptible crops nearby, particularly sunflower (Helianthus annus). Landscape-level impacts of cattail management on non-target avian species have not been studied. We measured use of upland breeding territories by male ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) following cattail reduction in wetlands used by pheasants for overwintering. In August 1992, glyphosate was applied to all wetlands with ≥�70% cattail coverage in four 23-km2 study blocks in south-eastern North Dakota. Four other blocks were used for controls. Habitat use was inferred from territorial crowing counts. No treatment effect or treatment*year interaction (all P�≥�0.05) was evident during 2 years of post-treatment observations. Although the herbicide eradicated large contiguous stands of cattail that pheasants had used for winter cover, surface water levels rose in 1993, which created additional cattail growth in untreated wetlands within the blocks. The additional cattail may have lessened the effect of the herbicide treatments. During drier periods, when cattail growth slows, cattail reduction could affect use of upland breeding sites. We recommend more research to assess the effects of glyphosate during drier periods.