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This book provides a crosscutting interdisciplinary account of how the disintegrated, global subsistence economy circa 1800 has transformed into a global complex delivering unprecedented levels of material production and consumption. Applying major findings from economics, history/historiography, and sociology (as well as from anthropology, psychology, politics, and environmental studies), the analysis tracks the ways in which changes in "society" (including social structures, values, and forces) have changed "individuals" (including conceptions of race, gender, and identity) and vice versa. These changes have simultaneously homogenised and diversified societies and individuals in distinct but sometimes contradictory ways, opening up many possible worlds from an individual and group perspective. Yet, the scale and pace of change has also led to increasing existential challenges. The narrative consists of 30 chapters organized into 10 subsets of 3: one chapter on a relevant core idea; one chapter focused on historical narrative and titled after a representative year; and one chapter on a relevant associated crosscutting theme. Major regional and topical discussions are provided, with special attention paid to business and organisational change and developing world scholarship. Small discussion 'boxes' focusing on illustrative cases and details are presented throughout the book. The last chapter contains over-arching conclusions

Chapter 1: Practicing Interdisciplinary Economic History -- Chapter 2: Understanding the Anthropocene.-Chapter 3: "1800".-Chapter 4: "Political Economy": The making of a North/South planet -- Chapter 5: Self, Socialisation, Organisation, Culture -- Chapter 6: "1848".-Chapter 7: Revolution -- Chapter 8: Technology, Innovation and Invention -- Chapter 9: "1870" -- Chapter 10: La Belle Epoque -- Chapter 11: "Civilisation," Gender, Race and Psyche -- Chapter 12: "1900" -- Chapter 13: Imperialism -- Chapter 14: Modernity -- Chapter 15: "1914" -- Chapter 16: Global Demographic Change -- Chapter 17: Ideas and Ideologies -- Chapter 18: "1929".-Chapter 19: Global Finance.-Chapter 20: Exceptionalism.-Chapter 21: "1945" -- Chapter 22: War -- Chapter 23: Comparative Economic, Social and Political systems -- Chapter 24: "1968" -- Chapter 25: Cold War.-Chapter 26: TIME AND 'PROGRESS'.-Chapter 27: "1989" "1991" -- Chapter 28: "Neo-liberalism".-Chapter 29: Structural Change -- Chapter 30: "2016" -- Chapter 31: Populism, Elitism, and Identity -- Chapter 32: Old Models, New Realities.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of illustrations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 'Neoclassical' corporate governance theory -- 3 Behavioural approaches to decision-making and analysis -- 4 Corporate governance failures and malfunctions: their etiologies -- 5 Towards a behavioural governance framework -- 6 The future understanding of corporate governance -- References -- Index

Presents an edited version of the first Jonathan Mann Memorial Lecture, given by Justice Cameron at the Thirteenth International AIDS Conference in Durban, South Africa, on 10 July 2000. Mann was founding director of the World Health Organization's Global Programme on AIDS between 1986 and 1990, and his contribution continued through his theoretical and advocacy work within the discipline of public health. In the last years of his life, Mann spoke with passion about the moral imperatives to action, and called for a full human entitlement to medical care. Argues that the whole world has a responsibility to tackle the AIDS crisis by making treatment universally available.

Chapter 1: Practicing Interdisciplinary Economic History -- Chapter 2: Understanding the Anthropocene.-Chapter 3: "1800".-Chapter 4: "Political Economy": The making of a North/South planet -- Chapter 5: Self, Socialisation, Organisation, Culture -- Chapter 6: "1848".-Chapter 7: Revolution -- Chapter 8: Technology, Innovation and Invention -- Chapter 9: "1870" -- Chapter 10: La Belle Epoque -- Chapter 11: "Civilisation," Gender, Race and Psyche -- Chapter 12: "1900" -- Chapter 13: Imperialism -- Chapter 14: Modernity -- Chapter 15: "1914" -- Chapter 16: Global Demographic Change -- Chapter 17: Ideas and Ideologies -- Chapter 18: "1929".-Chapter 19: Global Finance.-Chapter 20: Exceptionalism.-Chapter 21: "1945" -- Chapter 22: War -- Chapter 23: Comparative Economic, Social and Political systems -- Chapter 24: "1968" -- Chapter 25: Cold War.-Chapter 26: TIME AND 'PROGRESS'.-Chapter 27: "1989" "1991" -- Chapter 28: "Neo-liberalism".-Chapter 29: Structural Change -- Chapter 30: "2016" -- Chapter 31: Populism, Elitism, and Identity -- Chapter 32: Old Models, New Realities.

Polarization in online social networks has gathered a significant amount of attention in the research community and in the public sphere due to stark disagreements with millions of participants on topics surrounding politics, climate, the economy and other areas where an agreement is required. This work investigates into greater depth a type of model that can produce ideological segregation as a result of polarization depending on the strength of homophily and the ability of users to access similar minded individuals. Whether increased access can induce larger amounts of societal separation is important to investigate, and this work sheds further insight into the phenomenon. Center to the hypothesis of homophilic alignments in friendship generation is that of a discussion group or community. These are modeled and the investigation into their effect on the dynamics of polarization is presented. The social implications demonstrate that initial phases of an ideological exchange can result in increased polarization, although a consensus in the long run is expected and that the separation between groups is amplified when groups are constructed with ideological homophilic preferences.

Garnet-inlaid metalwork was an emblem of elite culture in the early medieval North Sea world. This study compares three Anglo-Saxon garnet-inlaid brooches that are exceptionally similar in design and appearance. All three date to the seventh century, a period that saw the emergence of leading families that used such deluxe dress items to enhance their political position. The central hypothesis explored here is that the brooches were produced by the same, or by closely linked, goldsmiths working under the patronage of such a family. Integrated analysis was conducted using microscopy, CT scans, XRF and XRD, in part to establish whether the garnets used came from the same or different sources.

Animal escape behaviour in response to aircraft could influence the accuracy and precision of aerial estimates of population size but is rarely investigated. Using independent observers on the ground and in the air, we recorded the behaviour of 17 groups, including 136 individually marked horses (Equus caballus), during a helicopter count in New Zealand's Kaimanawa Mountains and compared the helicopter count with a ground-based mark-resight estimate in the same area (20.5 km2). The helicopter induced running and changes in group size and composition in all horse groups that travelled from 0.1 up to 2.75 km before leaving the ground-observer's view. One-tenth of marked horses were not counted and a quarter counted twice. The possible double-counting of a further 23 (17%) could not be confirmed because only two of the three observers' records concurred. Thus, the helicopter count over-estimated the marked sub-population by at least 15% and possibly by up to 32%. The helicopter count (228 horses) was 16.9% larger than the mark-resight estimate (195, 95% CI = 157-234). We identify the characteristics of the helicopter count that stimulated horse escape behaviour and discuss how it should be considered in the design of aerial population-estimate methods.

Objective We review the effects of COVID-19 on the human sense of smell (olfaction) and discuss implications for human-system interactions. We emphasize how critical smell is and how the widespread loss of smell due to COVID-19 will impact human-system interaction. Background COVID-19 reduces the sense of smell in people who contract the disease. Thus far, olfaction has received relatively little attention from human factors/ergonomics professionals. While smell is not a primary means of human-system communication, humans rely on smell in many important ways related to both quality of life and safety. Method We briefly review and synthesize the rapidly expanding literature through September 2020 on the topic of smell loss caused by COVID-19. We interpret findings in terms of their relevance to human factors/ergonomics researchers and practitioners. Results Since March 2020 dozens of articles have been published that report smell loss in COVID-19 patients. The prevalence and duration of COVID-19-related smell loss is still under investigation, but the available data suggest that it may leave many people with long-term deficits and distortions in sense of smell. Conclusion We suggest that the human factors/ergonomics community could become more aware of the importance of the sense of smell and focus on accommodating the increasing number of people with reduced olfactory performance. Application We present examples of how olfaction can augment human-system communication and how human factors/ergonomics professionals might accommodate people with olfactory dysfunction. While seemingly at odds, both of these goals can be achieved.

<p>This paper explores the types of verbal irony employed by resilient youth in spontaneous conversation and examines how they use this irony to navigate potentially challenging psychosocial terrain. We documented and analyzed instances of irony in the spontaneous speech of adolescent participants in an international, ecological study of resilience using quasi-naturalistic and participatory visual methods. We found irony to be co-constructively utilized by the youths we studied. They spontaneously used many types of irony to mute criticism and avoid embarrassment. These resilient youth, who were thriving under adverse circumstances, used irony in a positive way to facilitate affiliation with their friends and family.</p>

Climate change and evolution are topics at the forefront of political discussions, debates, and the public sphere. Regardless of evidence on both topics, the public as a whole still believes they are under debate. It is imperative that the public have access to correct and easy-to-digest information on these topics to make informed environmental and ecological decisions. To date, scientifically accurate digital platforms aimed at informing the public on these topics are overly complex and jargon-ridden. Time Scavengers (www.timescavengers.blog) was created to address these issues and is maintained by a group of academics, graduate students, avocational scientists, and educators. The site includes many informational pages about geology, climate change, and evolution, all written for the public with useful descriptions and figures. To make the process of science more transparent, the site includes blogs to provide insight into data collection and interpretation, field work, and public outreach. The site also includes additional pages with links to relevant content and activities appropriate for K-12 classrooms. The overarching goals of the site are to bridge the gap between scientists and the public through engaging, informational pages and personal experiences and to increase science literacy through easy-to-digest content.

Climate change and evolution are topics at the forefront of political discussions, debates, and the public sphere. Regardless of evidence on both topics, the public as a whole still believes they are under debate. It is imperative that the public have access to correct and easy-to-digest information on these topics to make informed environmental and ecological decisions. To date, scientifically accurate digital platforms aimed at informing the public on these topics are overly complex and jargon-ridden. Time Scavengers (www.timescavengers.blog) was created to address these issues and is maintained by a group of academics, graduate students, avocational scientists, and educators. The site includes many informational pages about geology, climate change, and evolution, all written for the public with useful descriptions and figures. To make the process of science more transparent, the site includes blogs to provide insight into data collection and interpretation, field work, and public outreach. The site also includes additional pages with links to relevant content and activities appropriate for K-12 classrooms. The overarching goals of the site are to bridge the gap between scientists and the public through engaging, informational pages and personal experiences and to increase science literacy through easy-to-digest content.