Suchergebnisse

As políticas de colonização da Amazônia, o crescimento da população demandante por alimentação e, assim, por carne, ainda a flexibilidade da pecuária, contribuíram a sua rápida expansão na Amazônia. Em grande parte, por estas razões, a pecuária é vista como um dos principais motores do desmatamento e, mais recentemente, como importante fonte de emissões de gases de efeito estufa. No início do século XXI, medidas mais restritivas e repressivas são colocadas em prática para reduzir o desmatamento e a expansão horizontal da pecuária. A busca de alternativas se desenvolve. A integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF) é vista como um dos caminhos a seguir e instituições de pesquisa receberam recursos. No entanto, mesmo se os SILPFs existem desde o início da colonização, a sua expansão em larga escala é difícil. Em 2008, SILPFs são testados em estações experimentais e fazendas do Estado de Roraima, como uma alternativa aos sistemas exclusivos de pecuária e com o objetivo de desenvolver alternativas adaptadas ao Estado. Duas hipóteses foram testadas: i) SILPF oferece melhores resultados econômicos e financeiros que a pecuária devido a uma maior eficiência na utilização dos recursos; e ii) a gestão de sistemas multicomponentes e multiprodutos como o SILPF constitui barreira potencial à viabilidade das propriedades. A metodologia é baseada na análise de bases de dados secundários, entrevistas com atores chaves das cadeias dos grãos, pecuária e madeira, oficinas participativas, monitoramento de fazendas que têm adotado SILPF e de experimentações em estações experimentais. A análise conjunta dos dados secundários e os pontos de vista das partes interessadas locais têm demonstrado que o Estado de Roraima possui zonas apropriadas aos SILPFs, apesar do solo pobre. Além disso, existem linhas de crédito disponíveis e acessíveis, mesmo se o contexto não é muito favorável, incluindo a infraestrutura rodoviária problemática na época das chuvas, o fracasso dos sistemas de saúde e de educação rural, o difícil acesso à informação, a deficiente assistência técnica, bem como a persistência de questões de posse da terra. Ademais, a utilização de ferramentas de gestão para e pelos produtores, juntamente com o aumento de atividades proporcionado pelo SILPF, exigem necessidade de treinamento da mão de obra. Apesar dessas necessidades básicas, especialmente dependentes do contexto, os SILPFs apresentam rentabilidade econômica interessante justificando sua implantação. Várias interações entre os três componentes do sistema são colocadas em evidência, sobretudo a melhoria da fertilidade do solo, o efeito de árvores nas culturas e vice-versa, a complementaridade em termos de recursos financeiros etc. Existe também maior diferenciação das atividades e da diversificação do conhecimento. Outros importantes resultados são o aumento significativo da complexidade e da complicação. A gestão parece ser o ponto chave do SILPF, especialmente porque os sistemas pecuários tradicionais baseados em desmatamentos são caracterizados por gestão sem sofisticação. O sucesso do SILPF exige gestão cuidadosa do calendário das atividades, da mão de obra, dos equipamentos, da aquisição de insumos, da comercialização da produção e do fluxo de caixa. A gestão deve ser flexível o suficiente para absorver as incertezas climáticas, econômicas e sociais que aparecerão. Em conclusão, bem gerido, os SILPFs são economicamente mais viáveis do que a atividade pecuária. A otimização de recursos de infraestrutura e mão de obra contribui a essa sustentabilidade. O seu desenvolvimento em Roraima muito dependerá do contexto em que se encontram, especialmente vis-à-vis os sistemas de saúde, educação, assistência técnica e acesso à informação. Por estas razões, acreditamos que a adoção generalizada no Estado de Roraima, sobretudo com o componente árvore, não é possível a curto prazo.

Wage labour in farming is increasing and herbivorous livestock farming systems that were hither to family-based are increasingly resorting to it. Few studies have been carried out on wage labour in this type of systems. Yet it impacts both the operation and reproduction of livestock farms. The issue we address here is that of wage labour from the salaried employee's point of view. We propose to characterize a diversity of individual paths that have led to wage labour. This study reveals a diversity of occupational status sequences, which can lead from a status of salaried employee to that of farmer. It thus reveals forms of relationships between wage labour and agricultural activity other than employment or the functions of a salaried employee on farms ; Le salariat agricole se développe et les exploitations agricoles y ont de plus en plus recours, notamment dans des systèmes d'élevage herbivore traditionnellement familiaux. En élevage herbivore, peu de travaux s'y sont intéressés alors qu'il permet de repenser le fonctionnement des exploitations et d'assurer dans certains cas leur reproduction. Nous proposons ici de nous intéresser au salariat, du point de vue des salariés, et de caractériser une diversité d'itinéraires individuels menant au salariat agricole. Nos résultats permettent de révéler une diversité d'enchaînements de statuts professionnels dans l'exercice de l'élevage, qui peut conduire de salarié agricole à chef d'exploitation. Et par la même se dessinent des formes de liens entre activité agricole et salariat autres que l'emploi ou les fonctions affectées aux salariés dans les exploitations

Wage labour in farming is increasing and herbivorous livestock farming systems that were hither to family-based are increasingly resorting to it. Few studies have been carried out on wage labour in this type of systems. Yet it impacts both the operation and reproduction of livestock farms. The issue we address here is that of wage labour from the salaried employee's point of view. We propose to characterize a diversity of individual paths that have led to wage labour. This study reveals a diversity of occupational status sequences, which can lead from a status of salaried employee to that of farmer. It thus reveals forms of relationships between wage labour and agricultural activity other than employment or the functions of a salaried employee on farms ; Le salariat agricole se développe et les exploitations agricoles y ont de plus en plus recours, notamment dans des systèmes d'élevage herbivore traditionnellement familiaux. En élevage herbivore, peu de travaux s'y sont intéressés alors qu'il permet de repenser le fonctionnement des exploitations et d'assurer dans certains cas leur reproduction. Nous proposons ici de nous intéresser au salariat, du point de vue des salariés, et de caractériser une diversité d'itinéraires individuels menant au salariat agricole. Nos résultats permettent de révéler une diversité d'enchaînements de statuts professionnels dans l'exercice de l'élevage, qui peut conduire de salarié agricole à chef d'exploitation. Et par la même se dessinent des formes de liens entre activité agricole et salariat autres que l'emploi ou les fonctions affectées aux salariés dans les exploitations

Wage labour in farming is increasing and herbivorous livestock farming systems that were hither to family-based are increasingly resorting to it. Few studies have been carried out on wage labour in this type of systems. Yet it impacts both the operation and reproduction of livestock farms. The issue we address here is that of wage labour from the salaried employee's point of view. We propose to characterize a diversity of individual paths that have led to wage labour. This study reveals a diversity of occupational status sequences, which can lead from a status of salaried employee to that of farmer. It thus reveals forms of relationships between wage labour and agricultural activity other than employment or the functions of a salaried employee on farms ; Le salariat agricole se développe et les exploitations agricoles y ont de plus en plus recours, notamment dans des systèmes d'élevage herbivore traditionnellement familiaux. En élevage herbivore, peu de travaux s'y sont intéressés alors qu'il permet de repenser le fonctionnement des exploitations et d'assurer dans certains cas leur reproduction. Nous proposons ici de nous intéresser au salariat, du point de vue des salariés, et de caractériser une diversité d'itinéraires individuels menant au salariat agricole. Nos résultats permettent de révéler une diversité d'enchaînements de statuts professionnels dans l'exercice de l'élevage, qui peut conduire de salarié agricole à chef d'exploitation. Et par la même se dessinent des formes de liens entre activité agricole et salariat autres que l'emploi ou les fonctions affectées aux salariés dans les exploitations

Wage labour in farming is increasing and herbivorous livestock farming systems that were hither to family-based are increasingly resorting to it. Few studies have been carried out on wage labour in this type of systems. Yet it impacts both the operation and reproduction of livestock farms. The issue we address here is that of wage labour from the salaried employee's point of view. We propose to characterize a diversity of individual paths that have led to wage labour. This study reveals a diversity of occupational status sequences, which can lead from a status of salaried employee to that of farmer. It thus reveals forms of relationships between wage labour and agricultural activity other than employment or the functions of a salaried employee on farms ; Le salariat agricole se développe et les exploitations agricoles y ont de plus en plus recours, notamment dans des systèmes d'élevage herbivore traditionnellement familiaux. En élevage herbivore, peu de travaux s'y sont intéressés alors qu'il permet de repenser le fonctionnement des exploitations et d'assurer dans certains cas leur reproduction. Nous proposons ici de nous intéresser au salariat, du point de vue des salariés, et de caractériser une diversité d'itinéraires individuels menant au salariat agricole. Nos résultats permettent de révéler une diversité d'enchaînements de statuts professionnels dans l'exercice de l'élevage, qui peut conduire de salarié agricole à chef d'exploitation. Et par la même se dessinent des formes de liens entre activité agricole et salariat autres que l'emploi ou les fonctions affectées aux salariés dans les exploitations

International audience ; Literature mentioned the cattle as a major tool of the Amazonia colonization, especially due to the large ranches built after deforestation of forest plots during forty years, from the 60s to the beginning of the 21th Century and the real implementation of the environmental law. However, arriving to the agricultural frontier of Amazonia, many migrants usually have just their willingness to improve their life conditions. Some of them have received from the government or have bought a piece of land to survive. The others, less lucky, were landless several years, many times working in ranches and in small farms, until to be able to buy or take their own land. For all, their first own cattle was one of the more significant change of their new life on the frontier, especially due to the relevant functions of livestock, such as dairy products for home consumption, income of the calves selling and the first saving. Later, the family herd raised and new functions of livestock became more important, as for example valorizing the grassland planted after slash and burn agriculture, investing the income of cropping system, using the cattle manure to fertilize cash crops and orchards, guarantees for loan, social status, etc. So, if cattle were an essential tool for the ranches in the Amazonia, it was also a significant key-factor for the settlement of small holders, mainly due the multi-functionality of livestock. However, the settlement has led to strong environmental damage decried everywhere. So, since the middle of 00s, the global context has changed: 1. Effective fight against global warming which has resulted in major changes in the governance of territories, forcing pioneers to stop deforestation and implantation of new pastures; 2. Markets for the products of livestock are become increasingly selective about the environmental impact; 3. Global change, partially linked to deforestation, such as drought period in dry season in some areas that challenges the resilience pasture; 4. Concentration ...

International audience ; Literature mentioned the cattle as a major tool of the Amazonia colonization, especially due to the large ranches built after deforestation of forest plots during forty years, from the 60s to the beginning of the 21th Century and the real implementation of the environmental law. However, arriving to the agricultural frontier of Amazonia, many migrants usually have just their willingness to improve their life conditions. Some of them have received from the government or have bought a piece of land to survive. The others, less lucky, were landless several years, many times working in ranches and in small farms, until to be able to buy or take their own land. For all, their first own cattle was one of the more significant change of their new life on the frontier, especially due to the relevant functions of livestock, such as dairy products for home consumption, income of the calves selling and the first saving. Later, the family herd raised and new functions of livestock became more important, as for example valorizing the grassland planted after slash and burn agriculture, investing the income of cropping system, using the cattle manure to fertilize cash crops and orchards, guarantees for loan, social status, etc. So, if cattle were an essential tool for the ranches in the Amazonia, it was also a significant key-factor for the settlement of small holders, mainly due the multi-functionality of livestock. However, the settlement has led to strong environmental damage decried everywhere. So, since the middle of 00s, the global context has changed: 1. Effective fight against global warming which has resulted in major changes in the governance of territories, forcing pioneers to stop deforestation and implantation of new pastures; 2. Markets for the products of livestock are become increasingly selective about the environmental impact; 3. Global change, partially linked to deforestation, such as drought period in dry season in some areas that challenges the resilience pasture; 4. Concentration in livestock sector and stronger external market dependence; 5. Negative image of cattle breeder in the Amazonia, especially defunded by environmental NGOs (Greenpeace & Cie). In our poster/paper, we propose to discuss the impacts of these changes on multi-functionality (see resilience) livestock.

Literature mentioned the cattle as a major tool of the Amazonia colonization, especially due to the large ranches built after deforestation of forest plots during forty years, from the 60s to the beginning of the 21th Century and the real implementation of the environmental law. However, arriving to the agricultural frontier of Amazonia, many migrants usually have just their willingness to improve their life conditions. Some of them have received from the government or have bought a piece of land to survive. The others, less lucky, were landless several years, many times working in ranches and in small farms, until to be able to buy or take their own land. For all, their first own cattle was one of the more significant change of their new life on the frontier, especially due to the relevant functions of livestock, such as dairy products for home consumption, income of the calves selling and the first saving. Later, the family herd raised and new functions of livestock became more important, as for example valorizing the grassland planted after slash and burn agriculture, investing the income of cropping system, using the cattle manure to fertilize cash crops and orchards, guarantees for loan, social status, etc. So, if cattle were an essential tool for the ranches in the Amazonia, it was also a significant key-factor for the settlement of small holders, mainly due the multi-functionality of livestock. However, the settlement has led to strong environmental damage decried everywhere. So, since the middle of 00s, the global context has changed: 1. Effective fight against global warming which has resulted in major changes in the governance of territories, forcing pioneers to stop deforestation and implantation of new pastures; 2. Markets for the products of livestock are become increasingly selective about the environmental impact; 3. Global change, partially linked to deforestation, such as drought period in dry season in some areas that challenges the resilience pasture; 4. Concentration in livestock sector and stronger external market dependence; 5. Negative image of cattle breeder in the Amazonia, especially defunded by environmental NGOs (Greenpeace & Cie). In our poster/paper, we propose to discuss the impacts of these changes on multi-functionality (see resilience) livestock.