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This study provides an empirical assessment of the socioeconomic factors that determine household exclusion from consumer financial services. A unique microeconomic data set, of interview data, collected from a representative cross-sectional sample of 1,005 households is analysed using logistic regression techniques. In investigating exclusion from consumer financial services, both financial self-exclusion and institutional led financial exclusion are examined. Indicators of financial self-exclusion include the absence of a savings account or home contents insurance, while indicators of institutional led financial exclusion include the use of 'doorstep lenders'. Findings show that both measures of financial self-exclusion are determined by income, education, age, housing tenure and social participation while financial exclusion is generally associated with socioeconomic characteristics such as age, gender, housing tenure, working status, income, disability and the presence of young people in household but not with respondents' residential area, education level, internet use and social participation. These results are useful to both policy makers and financial services providers. They provide useful insights to policy makers and could have an important bearing on the range and mix of policies, and policy instruments, that local and central Government could use to mitigate their extent.

Les agences gouvernementales adoptent la rhétorique de la valeur publique, mais que nous apprennent les données empiriques sur les moteurs de sa création ? Les praticiens qui transforment l'investissement public en valeur publique par le biais de formes complexes de travail constituent une source essentielle d'informations. Cet article identifie la manière dont la valeur publique est interprétée et créée par les scientifiques médico-légaux dans le système de justice pénale sur la base d'entretiens méthodologiques Q. Les résultats indiquent qu'il existe deux types très similaires de scientifiques médico-légaux. L'étude montre que si les décisions des scientifiques sont fondées sur leur expertise, leurs motivations en matière de valeur publique sont d'apporter une « valeur ajoutée » au public par le biais de leur science. Ils sont au service des citoyens par le biais de leur science. Ils ne servent pas directement le consommateur, le client ou la victime. Les résultats indiquent également qu'il est nécessaire de reconnaître les formes cachées d'activité à valeur ajoutée qui ont lieu en amont dans les chaînes de valeur publiques, en veillant à ce que des systèmes soient mis en place pour maximiser leur impact en aval. Remarques à l'intention des praticiens La motivation des médecins légistes est de servir le public, et non le consommateur ou le client. Afin de renforcer les capacités des systèmes de justice pénale, les dirigeants des agences doivent établir une relation basée sur le respect professionnel mutuel plutôt qu'une relation fournisseur-consommateur. Si la réforme administrative doit être guidée par la recherche universitaire, les praticiens doivent utiliser le langage de la valeur publique plutôt que celui du nouveau management public. La valeur publique est souvent créée par le biais de chaînes de valeur interinstitutionnelles qui peuvent dissimuler la contribution de l'activité à valeur ajoutée en amont aux résultats publics souhaités. Il est essentiel que le processus de valeur ajoutée soit retracé sur une base interinstitutionnelle et maximisé par des formes efficaces de collaboration interinstitutionnelle.

Government agencies are embracing the rhetoric of public value, but what does the empirical evidence tell us about drivers of its creation? One critical source of insight are the practitioners who turn public investment into public value through complex forms of labour. This article identifies how public value is interpreted and created by forensics scientists in the Criminal Justice System using Q Methodological interviews. The results indicate that two very similar types of forensic scientist exist The study finds that while the decisions of scientists are grounded in their expertise, their public value motivations are to 'add value' to the public through their science. They serve the citizen through their science. They do not serve the consumer, client or victim directly. The findings also indicate that there is a need to recognise hidden forms of value-added activity that take place upstream in public-value chains, ensuring that there are systems in place to maximise their impact downstream. Points for practitioners Forensic scientists are motivated to serve the public, not the consumer or customer. In order to build capacity within Criminal Justice Systems, agency leaders need to build a relationship based on mutual professional respect rather than a supplier–consumer relationship. If administrative reform is to be guided by academic research, practitioners should use the language of public value rather than the language of new public management. Public value is often created through inter-institutional value chains that can conceal the contribution of upstream value-added activity to desirable public outcomes. It is critical that the value-added process is traced on an inter-institutional basis, and maximised through effective forms of inter-institutional collaboration.

We provide new evidence on the effects of fiscal policy and government size on pairwise business cycle synchronization in EMU. A novel time-varying framework is employed to estimate business cycle synchronization and subsequently a panel approach is used to establish the role of fiscal variables in determining the pairwise synchronization observations across time. The findings suggest similarities in the size of the public sector, yet divergence in fiscal policy stance, matter for the determination of business cycle synchronization. Hence, increased fiscal federalism in EMU will contribute to increased business cycle synchronization. Our results remain robust to different specifications and sub-periods.

AbstractWe provide new evidence on the effects of fiscal policy and government size on pairwise business cycle synchronization in EMU. A novel time‐varying framework is employed to estimate business cycle synchronization and subsequently a panel approach is used to establish the role of fiscal variables in determining the pairwise synchronization observations across time. The findings suggest similarities in the size of the public sector, yet divergence in fiscal policy stance, matter for the determination of business cycle synchronization. Hence, increased fiscal federalism in EMU will contribute to increased business cycle synchronization. Our results remain robust to different specifications and sub‐periods.