Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Our Approach -- 1.2 The Need for This Book Today -- 1.3 Roadmap for This Book -- References -- 2 Friend or Foe? An Overview of the Services and Disservices from Urban Green Spaces -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Green Space as a Friend -- 2.3 Human Health Benefits of Green Space -- 2.4 Community Revitalization Benefits of Green Space -- 2.5 Ecological Benefits of Green Space -- 2.6 Green Space as a Foe -- 2.7 Health Concerns from Green Space -- 2.8 Environmental Gentrification Concerns Related to Green Space -- 2.9 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Cultural Ecosystem Services Meet Broader Frameworks in Public Health -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Frameworks Linking Public Health and the Natural Environment -- 3.3 Growing Awareness of the Public Health-Cultural Ecosystem Service Link -- 3.4 Green Space Interventions in Public Health -- 3.4.1 Examples -- 3.5 Implementation and Best Practices -- 3.6 The Dose-Response Relationship -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Urban Green Space at the Nexus of Environmental Justice and Health Equity -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Research Highlights from Environmental Justice Studies on Urban Green Space -- 4.2.1 Distributional Injustice: Tree Cover and Vegetation -- 4.2.2 Distributional Injustice: Parks, Greenways, and Open Space -- 4.2.3 Procedural Injustice: What Contributes to Spatial Inequities? -- 4.2.4 Interactional Justice: Barriers to Meaningful Green Space Experiences for Marginalized Groups -- 4.3 Green Space and Gaps in Health -- 4.4 The Connection to Health Equity -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Planning Urban Green Spaces in Their Communities: Intersectional Approaches for Health Equity and Sustainability -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Intersectional Green Space Planning and Its Values -- 5.3 Data Sources and Analysis.

We review the methods and findings of experiments that have examined the effects of exposure to simulated natural landscapes on human health and cognitive performance. Keyword searches of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science resulted in the inclusion of 175 experiments in 148 research articles. that were published/in press by December 31, 2018. We report how often landscape features and human factors are controlled for within these experiments, thereby—for the first time—recording specifically what elements of "nature" and the built/social environment are used when testing the benefits of green space and blue space exposure. We also document all the simulation methods that are used (e.g., duration, number of exposures, senses engaged, and devices used). Next, to determine what methodological decisions influence study findings, we compare positive versus mixed/null or negative findings across 14 potential moderators. Only study quality and outcome measure influence findings; experiments without control groups or randomized treatments reported more positive findings than expected. Experiments studying perceived restoration also reported more positive findings than expected—remarkably, 95% of such experiments reported simulated nature was indeed restorative. We discuss the possibility that these findings may indicate publication bias in favor of overreporting the salutory impacts of natural landscapes. We conclude our review with a synthesis of best practices for future research studies.

A novel coronavirus disease known as COVID-19 has spread globally and brought a public health emergency to all nations. To respond to the pandemic, the Bangladesh Government imposed a nationwide lockdown that may have degraded mental health among residents, in particular, university students and working professionals. We examined clinically significant anxiety levels with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale and perceived stress levels with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4) in an online cross-sectional study with 744 adults. Approximately 70% of respondents were afflicted with clinically significant anxiety levels, and more than 43.82% were afflicted with moderate or high perceived stress levels. Multivariate logistic regression models showed that postgraduates (OR = 2.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03–8.75, p < 0.05) were more likely to experience anxiety than their student counterparts. No such differences emerged for working professionals, however. Living with family members compared to living alone was a risk factor for perceived stress among working professionals (OR = 4.05, 95% CI = 1.45–11.32, p < 0.05). COVID-19 stressors such as financial hardship (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.11–3.05, p < 0.05) and worries of family members' health (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.12–2.99) were risk factors for anxiety among students. Questionable social media news exposure (OR = 2.99, 95% CI = 1.13–7.92, p < 0.05) contributed to the development of mental stress among working professionals. These findings confirm that effective initiatives and proactive efforts from concerned authorities are necessary to cope with the mental health correlates of the COVID-19 pandemic, including in developing contexts such as Bangladesh.

A novel coronavirus disease known as COVID-19 has spread globally and brought a public health emergency to all nations. To respond to the pandemic, the Bangladesh Government imposed a nationwide lockdown that may have degraded mental health among residents, in particular, university students and working professionals. We examined clinically significant anxiety levels with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale and perceived stress levels with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4) in an online cross-sectional study with 744 adults. Approximately 70% of respondents were afflicted with clinically significant anxiety levels, and more than 43.82% were afflicted with moderate or high perceived stress levels. Multivariate logistic regression models showed that postgraduates (OR = 2.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03–8.75, p < 0.05) were more likely to experience anxiety than their student counterparts. No such differences emerged for working professionals, however. Living with family members compared to living alone was a risk factor for perceived stress among working professionals (OR = 4.05, 95% CI = 1.45–11.32, p < 0.05). COVID-19 stressors such as financial hardship (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.11–3.05, p < 0.05) and worries of family members' health (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.12–2.99) were risk factors for anxiety among students. Questionable social media news exposure (OR = 2.99, 95% CI = 1.13–7.92, p < 0.05) contributed to the development of mental stress among working professionals. These findings confirm that effective initiatives and proactive efforts from concerned authorities are necessary to cope with the mental health correlates of the COVID-19 pandemic, including in developing contexts such as Bangladesh.