Suchergebnisse

Intro -- AFGHANISTAN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES AND PLANS -- AFGHANISTAN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES AND PLANS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 AFGHANISTAN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY -- FOREWORD -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- GLOSSARY OF AFGHAN TERMS -- INTRODUCTION -- Background -- Achievements since 2001 -- Afghanistan's Challenges -- International Support for Afghanistan -- The Afghanistan National Development Strategy -- PART I. PROCESS, GOALS AND POLICY DIRECTIONS -- 1. THE ANDS: AN OVERVIEW -- Security -- Governance, Rule of Law, Justice and Human Rights -- Religious affairs -- Economic and Social Development -- Private sector development -- Energy -- Mining -- Transport -- Information and Communications Technology -- Urban Development -- Education -- Social Protection -- Enhancing Aid Effectiveness and Aid Coordination -- Implementation and Monitoring of the ANDS -- 2. THE PARTICIPATORY PROCESS AND PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS -- Organizing Principles and Participation Process -- Consultation Process -- Provincial Development Plans (PDPs) -- Development of Provincial Profiles -- Priority Projects -- Prioritization and Sequencing of the PDPs -- Integration of the PDPs into ANDS -- Outcomes from the Provincial Development Planning Process -- Prioritization of the Pillars -- Regional Variation in Priorities -- Conclusion -- 3. THE POVERTY PROFILE -- Data Collection, Poverty Measurements and Estimates -- Data Collection: National Risk and Vulnerability Assessments -- Sub-National Consultation and the Pilot Participatory Poverty Assessment -- Poverty Estimates -- Seasonality and poverty -- Vulnerability -- Poverty in Afghanistan:Main Characteristics of Inequality -- Consumption Disparity -- Characteristics of Rural Poverty -- Characteristics of Poverty among Kuchis -- Characteristics of Urban Poverty

Black workers continue to earn lower salaries than white workers, even among those with comparable levels of education. Previous research has explored the impact that the choice of college major will have on this disparity in earnings. The results of this research suggest that, among men, black bachelor's degree recipients consistently choose lower paying majors than whites. However, among women, black bachelor's degree recipients have, in recent years, begun to choose higher paying majors than whites. This recent change in major choice among black women is expected to result in higher starting salaries for black women on average, helping to close the racial earnings gap between black and white women. This paper empirically explores the distributional difference across majors between black and white women in Connecticut and explores the psychological reasons for this shift among black women toward higher paying majors.

Youth-centered health services have become a global practice and South Africa is no exception. This paper describes a project conducted in Mangaung in 2018 using cultural consensus modeling. We conducted 25 interviews and used a combination of hermeneutics, phenomenology theory, and thematic analysis. Our research found that girls in our sample have confidentiality concerns associated with the stigma of attending a clinic and cannot talk openly about sex and HIV. Themes related to negative experiences included the lack of confidentiality, the stigma of HIV, the lack of professional neutrality, failure to understand adolescents, poor service, systemic problems (long queues), and administrative problems. Positive themes included believing that clinics could help prevent pregnancy, provide information, create a safe space, and help with moral support. Moreover, some interviewees reported that services were good and that they provided products and support that were not available from home. However, many said they had to attend public clinics because they could not afford private alternatives. Some said the clinics offered a safe space and staff have positive attitudes. In the absence of discussions about sex at home, the clinics ultimately perform an important function, but systemic problems remain. More can be done by schools and households to reduce the stigma associated with sex and HIV.

Background: As the burden of mental health disorders continues to increase worldwide, there is significant need to describe the cultural variations in presentation, diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. An understanding of these variations can lead to the development of more effective programs to manage these conditions. In Guatemala, depression is the second-leading cause of disability and yet mental health treatment resources are scarce, particularly for indigenous individuals. Aims: The primary research aim was to describe primary care nurses' explanatory models of depression in their clinical work in indigenous communities in Guatemala. A secondary research aim was to describe training and resources which would support and empower these nurses, in order to lessen risk for burnout. Methods: A cross-sectional mixed methods survey was designed to elicit nurses' perspectives on the presentation, cause and treatment of depression in the communities they serve, as well as their clinical and emotional comfort in working with depressed individuals. Two subsequent focus groups gathered qualitative commentary which informed training and resource recommendations. Theoretical thematic analysis was used to generate codes and themes from focus group transcripts and survey responses. Results: Guatemalan primary care nurses described symptoms of depression in their cultural context, identified socioeconomic factors which contribute to depression in their communities, and detailed treatment preferences. Limited referral options and concern for privacy made connecting patients to mental health care difficult. Nurses emphasized the need for community education on depression and for supplemental mental health resources which would increase their capacity to identify and treat depression. Conclusions: Primary care nurses in Guatemala identify and treat depression despite limited resources. Further investigations should focus on creating training modalities which include front-line nurses, given their critical role in the health system.