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Global agreements have proliferated in the past ten years. One of these is the Kyoto Protocol, which contains provisions for emissions reductions by trading carbon through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The CDM is a market-based instrument that allows companies in Annex I countries to offset their greenhouse gas emissions through energy and tree offset projects in the global South. I set out to examine the governance challenges posed by the institutional design of carbon sequestration projects under the CDM. I examine three global narratives associated with the design of CDM forest projects, specifically North–South knowledge politics, green developmentalism, and community participation, and subsequently assess how these narratives match with local practices in two projects in Latin America. Findings suggest that governance problems are operating at multiple levels and that the rhetoric of global carbon actors often asserts these schemes in one light, while the rhetoric of those who are immediately involved locally may be different. I also stress the alarmist's discourse that blames local people for the problems of environmental change. The case studies illustrate the need for vertical communication and interaction and nested governance arrangements as well as horizontal arrangements. I conclude that the global framing of forests as offsets requires better integration of local relationships to forests and their management and more effective institutions at multiple levels to link the very local to the very large scale when dealing with carbon sequestration in the CDM.

Machine generated contents note: List of figures; List of contributors; Foreword; Acknowledgements; List of acronyms and abbreviations; 1. Adapting institutions, governance and complexity: an introduction Emily Boyd and Carl Folke; Part I. Adapting Local Institutions, Networks, Leadership and Learning: 2. Knowledge, social networks, and leadership -- setting the stage for the development of adaptive institutions? Beatrice Crona and Örjan Bodin; 3. Adaptive capacity of local institutions -- the case of taboo forests in southern Madagascar Maria Tengö and Jacob von Heland; 4. The reality of adaptive management: tracing farmers' responses to disturbances in irrigation systems in Nepal Ingela Ternström; 5. Creating incentives for increased public engagement in ecosystem management through urban commons Johan Colding; Part II. Adapting and Governing Public Institutions for Uncertainty and Complexity: 6. Adaptive capacity and the ecostate Andreas Duit; 7. Food systems and adaptive governance: the case of the 2005 food crisis in Niger Sirkku Juhola; 8. Public-private partnerships in the provision of environmental governance: a case of disaster management Emma L. Tompkins and Lisa-Ann Hurlston; Part III. Adapting Multilevel Institutions to Environmental Crisis: 9. Double complexity -- information technology and reconfigurations in adaptive governance Victor Galaz; 10. Adaptive governance and natural hazards: the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the governance of coastal ecosystems in Sri Lanka Alison Ashlin; 11. Adapting to global climate change: evaluating resilience in two networked policy institutions Emily Boyd; 12. Conclusions: adapting institutions and resilience Emily Boyd and Carl Folke; Index

Climate change poses new challenges to cities and new flexible forms of governance are required that are able to take into account the uncertainty and abruptness of changes. The purpose of this paper is to discuss adaptive climate change governance for urban resilience. This paper identifies and reviews three traditions of literature on the idea of transitions and transformations, and assesses to what extent the transitions encompass elements of adaptive governance. This paper uses the open source Urban Transitions Project database to assess how urban experiments take into account principles of adaptive governance. The results show that: the experiments give no explicit information of ecological knowledge; the leadership of cities is primarily from local authorities; and evidence of partnerships and anticipatory or planned adaptation is limited or absent. The analysis shows that neither technological, political nor ecological solutions alone are sufficient to further our understanding of the analytical aspects of transition thinking in urban climate governance. In conclusion, the paper argues that the future research agenda for urban climate governance needs to explore further the links between the three traditions in order to better identify contradictions, complementarities or compatibilities, and what this means in practice for creating and assessing urban experiments.

Climate change is a 'wicked' problem. No central authority manages climate change, and those creating the problem are also trying to solve it. Climate change brings uncertainty in ways that cities have not tackled previously. There is a need to explore new governance forms able to deal with change and to enable transformations. In this paper we explore seven local climate innovations to better understand the enabling conditions underpinning success and the governance barriers that are encountered. We connect the more formal and emergent climate governance 'innovations' through adaptation and mitigation experiments in Mumbai, India. Case studies indicate an emerging development model. Effective climate governance has to be an inevitable part of new development in the South. While climate externality exists in all development planning and implementation, smaller community-level efforts indicate how opportunities are offered within existing systems to integrate with larger institutional climate governance.

AbstractClimate change poses societal challenges on an unprecedented scale. It implies changes to North–South power balance and responsibility, forcing societies to begin to re‐conceptualise current development models and dominant narratives. This paper draws on the Climate Change and Development Futures: Shaping the Invisible panel held at the Development Studies Association 2008 Annual Conference titled Development's Invisible Hands. It reviews some of the relevant literature and analyses the opportunities and barriers that development and Development Studies face in re‐conceptualising development futures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.