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This timely book discusses various international norms that qualify the right, which all states have to access and exploit living resources in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction, in order to promote the conservation of such species. An intricate body of norms has accumulated over the last few decades, consisting of prior and subsequent rules addressing the same issues, as well as a number of specialized rules that supplement more general ones. However, this process has also exposed the fragmentation of the relevant international regimes, with evolving and diverse interpretations of the

International audience ; The application of an integrated approach is widely acknowledged as an essential aspect of any policy and legal regime for the conservation of natural resources. The intricate relationship between living marine resources, climate and the ocean has been repeatedly stressed at the scientific and even at the political level. The concept of the «planetary boundaries» has highlighted the inextricable relationship via which the planet «regulates itself» as one holistic ecosystem. In practice, however, it remains somewhat confined to science and political rhetoric. Under international law, climate change, the ocean and marine biodiversity continue to be regulated distinctly from one another. Notwithstanding the international community's renewed focus in recent years to regulate more ambitiously and effectively climate change as well as ocean governance, including the conservation of marine biodiversity and habitats, international norm-making continues to evolve in «silos». The presentation highlights the urgent need for international law to adopt an effective integrated approach in regulating one aspect of ocean governance namely, the sustainable use of the living resources of the seabed, threatened by the negative impacts of climate change. Climate change is a threat multiplier of current problems relating to the seabed (e. g., coral bleaching) as well as the cause of new risks (e. g., breakdown of methane hydrates) to the ocean and its resources. The paper will first examine applicable international law sources in search of applicable multilateral norms and whether they are fit for purpose in protecting the ocean from the risks of climate change.The paper aims to demonstrate that while the multitude of existing international norms, if well implemented, would greatly enhance the health of the oceans and its resources, «innovative» substantive and procedural norms may ensure better resilience and preparedness to adapt ocean governance to the effects of climate change. Lack of action in this ...

I am deeply honoured to introduce the sixth edition of the ELSA Malta Law Review. The ELSA Editorial Board has, with impeccable regularity, provided us with another collection of legal papers of the highest academic quality. One must of course applaud also the authors that have contributed to this publication with a vast array of legal topics that range from migration to cybercrime, the law of copy right and human rights, delving into an infinite variety of legal streams which include civil, commercial, public and private international law. The value of published legal works in our small but vibrant nation is evident to all members of the legal profession and law students alike, but it has become perhaps just as pertinent to all sectors of our society. The Anthropocene Era we live in, has blurred even further the demarcation lines between the various social disciplines. In a society such as ours, where the only constant is change, legal publications such as the one in hand, highlight the incredible versatility of the law. ; N/A

Under international law, there is no single legal body with the power to generate norms that are binding on all subjects without their consent. There is no centralized executive authority entrusted with implementation, while international adjudicating bodies have no compulsory or comprehensive jurisdiction. Apart from the absence of a centralized law-making and law-enforcement authority, most publicists insist that with the exception of jus cogens, there is no a priori hierarchy of sources under international law. This state of play is of particular relevance when one assesses the role of international adjudicating bodies as they settle disputes between states. International case law, like the writings of publicists, is not a formal source of international law but, rather, provides 'evidence' of the applicable norms in the circumstances. Decisions of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and other international adjudicating bodies are binding only upon the parties to the dispute. Nevertheless, by taking as an example the conservation of living marine resources beyond national jurisdiction, this article attempts to demonstrate that the contribution made by the ICJ and other international tribunals to the development of international law may be more significant, especially when one considers the scenario referred to earlier. This article will examine various judgments of the ICJ and other international tribunals and assess their role and relevance in the development of the international regulation of living marine resources occurring beyond national jurisdiction. The way states interpret the freedom of access over living resources on the high seas determines the manner in which they exercise regulatory and enforcement jurisdiction over them as well as the kind of conservation measures states obligate their nationals to take when fishing in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction. Bodies adjudicating international disputes over the exploitation of living marine resources have considered various legal issues in this field of international law, the following being among the most common. First, states tend to disagree on how they interpret the legal implications of freedom of fishing and the obligation to take conservation measures as a qualification to it. The article will examine those fisheries cases that have discussed to what extent the flag state's freedom of access over living marine resources on the high seas is subject to the rights, duties, and interests of coastal states and of other flag state participants in the same fishery. Second, another contentious legal issue relates to the interpretation of the exclusive enforcement jurisdiction of the flag state and to whether international law allows other states any right to act against states that either fail to adopt conservation measures on the high seas or that choose less stringent ones than those agreed upon via international co-operation agreements. This legal question revolves around the abuse of the flag state's exclusive enforcement jurisdiction on the high seas. It affects both coastal states that have painstakingly developed a conservation plan for their exclusive economic zone (EEZ) or their exclusive fishing zone (EFZ) as well as states that are participants in the same high seas fishery and that have negotiated conservation measures via a co-operation agreement. In the first case, the coastal state expects flag states to exercise compatible conservation measures when their nationals fish on the high seas, and, in the second case, flag states, whose nationals are participating in a fishery, find it particularly frustrating and counter productive when another flag state who is not a party to the conservation agreement reached via co-operation takes no action against its fishing vessels that violate the conservation measures established in the agreement or else adopt inferior ones. Third, another question that often arises in international fisheries disputes relates to the legal status of living marine resources occurring beyond national jurisdiction and whether international law obligates all states to ensure the conservation of living marine resources on the high seas whether they are harvestable or not. The debate surrounding the legal status of these resources also questions whether the obligation to take conservation measures on the high seas is vested in the international community at large as an erga omnes obligation. The cohort of rules regulating the conservation of marine living resources on the high seas has developed on an ad hoc basis, as a reaction to the historical and political developments that have occurred throughout the centuries. As it has become more and more specialized, this branch of international law has suffered from fragmentation, which has led to ambiguity and uncertainty when states have sought to interpret and apply applicable norms. The decisions of international adjudicating bodies provide the judges with an opportunity to identify what is the position of international law from the myriad of norms that have accumulated over time. This article will attempt to examine various international cases that have discussed the position of international law in fisheries disputes. Occasionally, it will also refer to some other landmark cases that have treated an entirely different subject matter whenever the legal arguments made by the judges therein may elucidate the interpretation of applicable international norms relating to the legal questions listed earlier. ; peer-reviewed

Although Malta has both a general as well as a more specific remedy that provides for access to justice via judicial review for environmental issues, it is not fully in line with the provisions of article 9 (3) of the Aarhus Convention. This is mainly because Maltese law has predated Malta's ratification of the Convention and although when introduced these judicial remedies did reflect innovative legal thinking, nowadays they fall short of the requirements dictated by the notion of direct access to justice on environmental matters to the individual and to NGOs, that is typical of the Aarhus Convention. The Maltese authorities have acknowledged that there is this gap and have issued public statements that the matter is currently being subjected to a legal exercise that would eventually harmonise Maltese legislation with the Aarhus Convention]. Malta does not have an administrative procedure for access to justice, which can be used for environmental matters. These remedies consist of a general provision under the Code of Organisation and Civil Procedure, Article 469A that provides for the judicial review of any act by the public sector. This legal provision does not only apply to violations of environmental law but to all administrative actions carried out by the public sector in general. It is general but actually more valid when it comes to the application of Article 9(3) of the Aarhus Convention because the environment specific remedy, provided by article 24 of the EPA allows only the Chairman of the Environment Fund to institute an action for environmental damages when environmental laws are breached. The wording of article 24 also obligates the Chairman to take such action on behalf of the government. This prevents the Chairman from acting when the public institution involved is the government itself. It can only proceed when the public institution has a separate juridical personality that is distinct from the government. The NGOs lack legal standing because there is currently no legal instrument that bestows them with a legal personality. This is being tackled by a draft Bill that is currently awaiting promulgation by Parliament but the Bill has been more than five years in the pipe line. To date none of the two remedies have ever been applied in practice with respect to a breach of environmental law. This makes it difficult to assess the length of time involved and the costs as well as any legal difficulties the courts may encounter in deciding upon such a case. If proceedings were to be initiated both under the COCP and the EPA, there is the possibility of an appeal before the Civil Court and legal aid is also available. It is estimated that the costs involved would range between 100 to 300 Euros if legal aid is resorted to, although in the case of an action by the Chairman of the Fund there would be no costs involved and the time frames involved would be around two years for the courts of first instance to reach their final decision. ; peer-reviewed

Front Matter -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface and acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Table of cases -- Table of legislation -- Table of treaties -- Introduction to the Research Handbook on Ocean -- PART I THE BLUE SPACE -- 1. A 50-year reflection on global ocean governance for protection of the marine environment -- 2. Maritime zones in international law -- 3. Airspace, sovereignty and ocean governance -- 4. Marine scientific research as a tool for ocean governance -- 5. Dispute settlement and ocean governance -- PART II THE BLUE PLANET -- 6. The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) -- 7. Land-based sources of marine pollution and dumping at sea -- 8. Ocean pollution from plastics -- 9. Noisepollution in the marine environment -- 10. Conservation of living marine resources -- PART III THE INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR SUSTAINABLE OCEAN GOVERNANCE -- 11. Ocean governance in an era of climate change -- 12. Implementing the ecosystem approach through area-based management -- 13. The interaction between an Agreement on Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction and the law of the sea -- PART IV THE BLUE ECONOMY -- 14. Towards a more inclusive, systemic and multi-regulatory Blue Economy: the case of offshore wind energy -- 15. Advancing a sustainable Blue Economy - case study: fisheries governance in the Indian Ocean -- 16. The submarine cable systems and landing stations in international law -- 17. Carriage of goods by sea -- 18. The cultural heritage at sea -- PART V THE HUMAN SEA -- 19. Piracy and armed robbery -- 20. Maritime terrorism and trafficking in weapons of mass destruction -- 21. Smuggling of migrants and trafficking in persons by sea -- 22. Human rights at sea -- Bibliography -- Index.

Scientific evidence demonstrates that the effects of climate change upon the oceans will lead to biological, chemical and physical changes with dire environmental and geopolitical repercussions. The impacts of climate change upon the oceans, namely their warming, sea level rise, ocean acidification and resultant marine biodiversity loss have been consistently highlighted in various scientific reports. Experts, scholars and academic networks from various disciplines have raised awareness on the multifaceted and complex relationship between oceans, marine living resources and climate change. In political fora, climate change is often referred to as a threat multiplier. Earth scientists describe how the climate and oceans relationship accentuates the complexities of the natural world providing a classic example of how planetary boundaries, such as global warming, ocean acidification and marine biodiversity loss, interact to exacerbate the negative impacts caused by human behaviour. Outcomes from conferences and even applicable treaties acknowledge that a cross sectoral and an integrated, ecosystem approach is key to achieve sound governance of these natural resources. ; peer-reviewed

There is the need for a legal instrument that would first and foremost establish the executive powers of a new entity with overarching responsibilities and powers over all the authorities that have sectoral responsibilities for climate change. Such a legal instrument should also identify these sectoral authorities and their responsibilities, preferably within an Annex which could be amended and adjusted in a flexible manner. This instrument should be managed by a new unit on climate change within MRA and it should ensure integration without causing fragmentation between the sectors. At the same time, retaining the sectoral input would ensure that there is no duplication of roles, that the institutions are specialised within their own field and that the overarching institution does not becomes a bottle neck. In other words, different competent authorities responsible for the different sectoral policies and obligations should remain, but these must be answerable to an institution that has executive powers to ensure compliance and to coordinate long and short term planning with respect to climate change targets and impacts. By way of recommendation therefore, a legal instrument of this sort should seek to intervene as little as possible in the daily running of the sectoral policies and only apply its powers in situations of emergency when non compliance by the different sectors stalls the fulfilment of Malta's obligations. Its main role should be to ensure implementation of a National Strategy on Mitigation and Adaptation. This legal instrument would not duplicate the role of public institutions that are already regulators for various sectors on climate change. It would however empower the new entity to take enforcement measures against the said institutions if they fail to do so. It would also ensure the implementation and enforcement of existing legislation that regulates the various sectors in order to rationalize their sustainable use and provide for conservation measures. This would benefit both the implementation of mitigation and adaptation measures. An entity entrusted with the overall responsibility for climate change law and policy must be legally empowered to ensure the implementation of national adaptation programmes. It must also coordinate the various sectors to carry out the necessary research to adopt and implement mitigation and adaptation measures. It must necessarily be supported by a parallel capacity building process in the various entities that run the day-to- day implementation functions. On an administrative level, without necessarily being included in a legal instrument, memoranda of understanding and stakeholder dialogue are indispensable tools to ensure cooperation. This will facilitate reaching mitigation and adaptation targets within the stipulated time frames. The mainstreaming of climate change impacts in national policies ensures the adoption of mitigation and adaptation measures and guarantees synergy and linkages amongst various public plans and programmes. Response to climate change should take place at a strategic level to assess beforehand the socio-economic impacts of any mitigation and adaptation measures adopted as a consequence prior to mainstreaming into national policy making. The existing Regulations on the Strategic Environment Assessment already include climate change impacts as one of the issues that needs to be taken into consideration in an SEA. Furthermore, for all those situations where an SEA is not required, Maltese authorities should promote pro-active adaptation measures such as, for example, in development planning, rather than take reactive adaptation measures. The new climate change legal instrument must ensure effective monitoring and stakeholder engagement, particularly the involvement of NGOS and Local Councils which increases public awareness on climate change issues. The new law should also take into consideration national security issues relating to climate change when formulating mitigation and adaptation strategies. The new law should also target the development of a research programme for climate change, including access to funding programmes. It is vital that Investment in research and development in all sectors should not remain on a voluntary basis. It will provide local industry with the necessary technology and it will generate specialised local expertise in a rapidly growing sector that is assuming a tremendous economic potential. Procrastination is detrimental on two main fronts. First because Malta will miss out in securing a place in this niche-market and second because we will keep relying upon foreign technology and expertise. Since Malta can rely on and pool from the scientific and technical advice of the European Environmental agency, it is best to concentrate on investing in scientific and technical research that addresses the local scenario. This should be earmarked as a priority for EU funded projects and care should be taken not to duplicate research conducted by EU agencies to which Malta has access, but rather to build upon it and apply it at the local level. It is also essential to include as a legal obligation the publication to civil society of information acquired as a result of research conducted at the EU level or carried out locally. It must be ensured that all sectors surmount the constraints due to the lack of a sound knowledge base on local ecosystem dynamics. Filling such a gap would serve to build local scientific evidence that would identify to what extent marine, terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna groups are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Emphasis should be placed on minor and already vulnerable groups. All sectors should be legally bound to maintain a Geographic Information System to integrate data related to climate change, and any other data required apart from spatial information. Adopting and implementing the recommendations suggested by the National Sustainable Development Strategy for Malta would greatly enhance the implementation of adaptation measures relating to climate change, both on a cross-sectoral and sectoral level. At present it is envisaged that the government is currently preparing a new Bill on sustainable development, in the meantime the applicable provisions of the EPA by virtue of which the sustainable development strategy was published should continue to apply. Malta should also endeavour to promote more regional cooperation in the Mediterranean under the Barcelona Convention framework and Euro Med, to identify the adaptation needs of the Mediterranean littoral to the impacts of climate change. Authorities should initiate immediately, even at the regional Mediterranean level, studies to assess vulnerability due to climate change, how new opportunities may be tapped, how to meet with the negative consequences of climate change in the sector, how to ensure that local operators adapt to the shift in tourism trends as a result of climate change. There is the need of systematic and sustained awareness building programmes to educate all. This will intensify awareness and promote a change in behavioural patterns to improve adaptation to climate change. Increasing awareness of climate change impacts within the government, industry, and community sectors will support cultural change transitions that are required for the adoption of more climate change friendly technologies, designs, and operations by public and private operators. The new climate change law should also obligate the various sectors to formulate contingency plans. This serves to: address the negative impacts envisaged as a result of climate change particularly upon vulnerable groups. assess socio-economic implications, with increased insurance covers for risks resulting from the likely impacts of climate change. identify financial guarantees and incentives amongst the various stakeholders in all sectors. ; peer-reviewed

The dataset presented in this article contains information about marine Area-Based Management Tools (ABMTs) used to assess their contribution to the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Following the scope of the analysis, ABMTs were identified by scrutinizing international and regional legal sources related to ocean management in the fields of marine conservation, fisheries, deep sea bed mining, underwater natural and cultural heritage, environmental conservation, and marine spatial planning. Legal sources were screened to depict the following characteristics of individual ABMTs: i) management objectives; ii) authorities responsible for delivering such objectives; iii) the system of management and planning entailed in the ABMT including the zoning type; and iv) the specific spatial scope and domain each ABMT refer to in vertical depth and horizontal domain. Data were generated through an internal expert elicitation. Experts, initially trained in the data analysis and related protocol, contributed to the data production because of their specific knowledge and experience in ocean management. This dataset represents a unique source of information for advancing research about monitoring and assessment of the achievement of sustainable development goals that encompasses different types of ABMTs. ; This research was conducted in the framework of COST action on "Ocean Governance for Sustainability - challenges, options and the role of science", CA15217, within the Working Group 2 "Area Based Management" activities. We would like to thank COST for the funding that made the cooperation amongst the authors, and thus this article, possible. EG partially acknowledges also funding from PORTODIMARE "geoPORtal of TOols & Data for sustaInable Management of coAstal and maRine Environment" (2018–2020), Adriatic-Ionian Programme INTERREG V–B Transnational 2014–2020, grant no. 205, and funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement ...

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- THE CONTRIBUTORS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- TABLES AND FIGURES -- PREFACE -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- PART 1 ENERGY POLICY DELIVERY IN GENERAL -- 2 SIX MAXIMS FOR INFORMED ENERGY ANALYSIS AND POLICY -- 3 ENDING SUBSIDIES FOR FOSSIL FUEL EXPLORATION IN A WORLD OF UNBURNABLE CARBON -- 4 WERE NORTH SEA OIL AND GAS 'FIELD ALLOWANCES' SUBSIDIES - AND DOES IT MATTER? -- 5 RENEWABLE ENERGY DISPUTES -- 6 USING A LEGACY FRAME TO DELIVER ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT POLICIES -- 7 THE EMERGENCE OF EU ENERGY LAW -- 8 HOW TO IMPROVE REGULATION -- 9 DELIVERING ENERGY NETWORKS SECURITY: ECONOMICS, REGULATION AND POLICY -- 10 THE ROLE OF MARKETING IN DELIVERING ENERGY LAW AND POLICY -- PART 2 ENERGY POLICY DELIVERY IN THE UNITED STATES -- 11 A BRIEF HISTORY OF US ENERGY POLICY -- 12 APPLYING INNOVATION POLICY TO THE US ENERGY/CLIMATE CHALLENGE -- 13 NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC LABORATORIES AS AN ENERGY POLICY VEHICLE: THE UNITED STATES' EXPERIENCE -- 14 DELIVERING ENERGY POLICY IN THE US: THE ROLE OF TAXES -- 15 DELIVERING THE WIND: DECONSTRUCTING RENEWABLE ENERGY SUCCESS IN TEXAS -- 16 SOLAR RIGHTS IN THE UNITED STATES -- 17 THE US-CHINA CLIMATE AGREEMENT: A NEW DIRECTION -- 18 GOING GREEN: THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND ENERGY SECURITY -- 19 US CONJUNCTIVE WATER MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT -- PART 3 ENERGY POLICY DELIVERY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION -- 20 DELIVERING NEW POLITY: PAVING THE WAY FOR THE EUROPEAN ENERGY UNION -- 21 ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT IN THE EU ENERGY SECTOR -- 22 DELIVERING ENERGY POLICY IN THE EU: SOME THOUGHTS ON THE ROLE OF CONSUMERS -- 23 THE GROWING IMPACT OF FREE MOVEMENT PROVISIONS IN THE EU ENERGY MARKET -- 24 ENERGY, EXTERNALITIES AND THE NEED TO REVISIT DEUTSCHE BAHN: A PROPOSAL TO REVERSE THE EUROPEAN STANCE ON EU STATE AID LAW AND INTERNATIONAL AVIATION -- 25 RES: TOWARDS A NEW EUROPEAN POLICY -- 26 ENERGIEWENDE IN GERMANY: THE DAWN OF A NEW ENERGY ERA -- 27 WHAT IS A SUSTAINABLE POLICY? A CASE FOR THE ENERGIEWENDE -- 28 THE FINNISH ENERGY POLICY: FULFILLING THE EU ENERGY AND CLIMATE TARGETS WITH NUCLEAR AND RENEWABLES -- 29 THE EU-RUSSIA RELATIONSHIP AND THE EU ENERGY UNION: FROM DEPENDENCE AND VULNERABILITY TOWARDS COMPETITION AND A FREE FLOW -- PART 4 ELECTRICITY POLICY DELIVERY -- 30 THE ROLE OF UNCERTAINTY IN ENERGY INVESTMENTS AND REGULATION -- 31 ENERGY SECURITY IN AN UNPREDICTABLE WORLD: MAKING THE CASE AGAINST STATE AID LIMITATIONS IN ELECTRICITY GENERATION -- 32 DELIVERING A LOW-CARBON ELECTRICITY SYSTEM IN A LIBERALISED MARKET -- 33 A PROPOSAL FOR REFORMING AN ELECTRICITY MARKET FOR A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY -- 34 THE ROLE OF THE DEMAND SIDE IN ELECTRICITY -- 35 REPLACING FOSSIL FUEL GENERATION WITH RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY: IS MARKET INTEGRATION OR MARKET CIRCUMVENTION THE WAY FORWARD? -- 36 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE IN EUROPE: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE -- 37 THE EXTERNAL DIMENSION OF CROSSBORDER ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION PLANNING IN THE EU -- 38 INTEGRATING VEHICLES AND THE ELECTRICITY GRID TO STORE AND USE RENEWABLE ENERGY -- 39 A STITCH IN TIME: COULD IRELAND'S FORTHCOMING WHITE PAPER BREATHE NEW LIFE INTO ITS BRAVE BUT FALTERING RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY POLICY? -- 40 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HUNGARIAN ELECTRICITY REGULATORY FRAMEWORK -- PART 5 NUCLEAR ENERGY -- 41 DELIVERING THE REVIVAL OF NUCLEAR POWER -- 42 ENERGY POLICY: THE ROLE OF NUCLEAR POWER -- 43 FINANCING NEW NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS -- 44 UK NUCLEAR NEW-BUILD PLANS IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE -- 45 DELIVERING UK NUCLEAR POWER IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN ENERGY POLICY: THE CHALLENGES AHEAD -- 46 NUCLEAR LIABILITY: CURRENT ISSUES AND WORK IN PROGRESS FOR THE FUTURE -- 47 THE PRESENT STATUS OF NUCLEAR THIRD-PARTY LIABILITY AND NUCLEAR INSURANCE -- 48 SMALL MODULAR REACTORS: THE FUTURE OR THE SWANSONG OF THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY? -- PART 6 RENEWABLE ENERGY -- 49 COHERENT PROMOTION OF RENEWABLES UNDER A CARBON EMISSIONS CAP -- 50 RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICIES CHANGE CARBON EMISSIONS EVEN UNDER EMISSIONS TRADING -- 51 THE RENEWABLE TRAJECTORY: AVOIDING THE TEMPTATION OF CHEAP OIL -- 52 IMPACT OF RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS ON IN-STATE RENEWABLE DEPLOYMENT IN THE US -- 53 RENEWABLE SUPPORT POLICIES IN EUROPE: EVALUATION OF THE PUSH-PULL FRAMEWORK FOR WIND AND PV IN THE EU -- 54 A VIEW FROM THE GLOBAL WIND INDUSTRY -- 55 THE NEW CONCEPT OF COMPETITIVE BIDDING ON PHOTOVOLTAIC IN THE GERMAN RENEWABLE ENERGY ACT 2014 -- 56 LEGAL CERTAINTY FOR GREEN ENERGY PROJECTS: SURE, BUT AT WHAT PRICE? -- 57 THE FUTURE OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER IN THE UNITED STATES: THINKING SMALL -- 58 HYDROPOWER: FROM PAST TO FUTURE UNCERTAINTIES -- 59 RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION IN MARINE AREAS AND COASTAL ZONE: THE NORWEGIAN MODEL -- 60 THE GEOPOLITICS OF CLEAN ENERGY: RE-ENGAGING WITH RUSSIA THROUGH RENEWABLE ENERGY COOPERATION -- PART 7 FOSSIL FUELS -- 61 TALKING ABOUT SHALE IN ANY LANGUAGE -- 62 THE SHALE REVOLUTION, FRACKING AND REGULATORY ACTIVITY IN THE US: A POLICY DIVIDED -- 63 FRACTURED SYSTEMS: A MULTIPLE POLICY PROPOSAL FOR PROMOTING SAFE SHALE GAS DELIVERY IN THE UNITED STATES -- 64 PREPARING PENNSYLVANIA FOR A POST-SHALE FUTURE -- 65 THE DECLINE OF COAL AND THE ECONOMIC TOLL ON THE APPALACHIAN REGION -- 66 THE EU NETWORK CODES AND PROSPECTS OF CROSS-BORDER NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECTS -- 67 BUILDING THE ENERGY UNION: THE PROBLEM OF CROSS-BORDER GAS PIPELINE INTERCONNECTIONS IN BALTIC, CENTRAL AND SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE -- 68 EMINENT DOMAIN AUTHORITY FOR UPSTREAM GAS INFRASTRUCTURE: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH -- 69 PETROLEUM LICENSING ON THE UKCS FIFTY YEARS ON: PROBLEMS, SOLUTIONS AND MORE PROBLEMS? -- 70 GREENLAND OFFSHORE PETROLEUM REGULATION TOWARDS 'THE BLUE ARCTIC' -- PART 8 ENERGY JUSTICE -- 71 ENERGY JUSTICE: THE YIN AND YANG APPROACH -- 72 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENERGY JUSTICE: TWO AGENDAS COMBINED -- 73 ASSESSING THE JUSTICE IMPLICATIONS OF ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE ARCTIC -- PART 9 ENERGY POVERTY AND HEALTH -- 74 ENERGY POVERTY AND AFFORDABLE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES (ASETS) -- 75 CHALLENGING ENERGY POVERTY POLICIES: INSIGHTS FROM SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE -- 76 POLICY CHANGES FOR FUTUREPROOFING HOUSING STOCK -- 77 CHALLENGES FOR HEALTH SERVICES IN IDENTIFYING WHICH GROUPS ARE MOST VULNERABLE TO HEALTH IMPACTS OF COLD HOMES -- 78 ENERGY, LIFE, METABOLISM AND THE FOOD CHAIN -- PART 10 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND DEMAND -- 79 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY DEMAND -- 80 ENERGY DEMAND REDUCTION POLICY -- 81 DEMAND RESPONSE IN WHOLESALE MARKETS -- 82 PERCEIVED EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF DELIVERING INFORMATION ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY -- 83 DEVELOPING BEHAVIOURAL INTERVENTIONS: THREE LESSONS LEARNED FOR DELIVERING ENERGY POLICY -- 84 POLICY MIXES IN STIMULATING ENERGY TRANSITIONS: THE CASE OF UK ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY -- 85 THE JOURNEY OF SMART METERING IN GREAT BRITAIN: A REVISIT -- 86 RETHINKING HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION STRATEGIES: THE IMPORTANCE OF DEMAND AND EXPECTATIONS -- 87 FINANCIAL INCENTIVES FOR ENERGYEFFICIENT APPLIANCES -- PART 11 ENERGY SECURITY -- 88 ENERGY SECURITY AND ENERGY POLICY INCOHERENCE -- 89 DESIGNING INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENERGY GOVERNANCE FOR EU ENERGY SECURITY -- 90 NATO AND EUROPEAN ENERGY SECURITY -- 91 GENEALOGY OF THE CURRENT GAS SECURITY SITUATION IN THE EU-UKRAINE-RUSSIA ENERGY TRIANGLE AND THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW -- PART 12 COUNTRY-SPECIFIC AND INTERNATIONAL ENERGY POLICY DELIVERY -- 92 GERMAN ENERGY LAW -- 93 DELIVERING ENERGY LAW AND POLICY IN MALTA -- 94 DELIVERING ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICIES IN ROMANIA -- 95 ENERGY LAW IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC: 'UNBUNDLING' ČEZ -- 96 DELIVERING ENERGY POLICY REFORM IN UKRAINE: LEGAL ISSUES IN THE LIGHT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION -- 97 A SYSTEMIC APPROACH TO RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY TECHNOLOGY DEPLOYMENT: THE 'MISSING LINK' IN OPTIMISING POLICY DELIVERY IN THE UK? -- 98 DELIVERING ENERGY POLICY: IS THERE NEED FOR KEY CHANGES IN THE NEXT UK PARLIAMENTARY PERIOD? -- 99 ENERGY AND THE STATE IN THE MIDDLE EAST -- 100 DELIVERING ENERGY POLICY IN ARGENTINA -- 101 THE ARCTIC: SOURCE OF ENERGY? SOURCE OF CONFLICT? SOURCE OF POLICY INNOVATION -- PART 13 CITIES, COMMUNITY ENERGY AND PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT -- 102 DELIVERING ENERGY (OFTEN) REQUIRES PUBLIC