Suchergebnisse

National audience ; Malaria is still a sanitary curse in many sub‐Saharan countries. In central Africa, this disease is the first cause of mortality and one of the first causes of children'mortality. In Brazzaville, this sanitary issue is not solved at all. In Brazzaville, the capital of Congo, the malaria transmission is high and permanent all over the year. The aim of this study is to analyze the geographical impact of the control measures of malaria risk. This analysis enables to mix world and local observation scales in order to establish whether the nature of those control measures is complementary. Another sensitive question which has to be studied in order to consider all the factors responsible for the disease persistence, is: the correlation between disease and the social and political context. Twelve years of war, a delay in development and above all a health sector with a lack of medical staff, in addition to poor infrastructures and limited investments, are among the major causes of the malaria burden in Central Africa. The sanitary strategies must be regarded as primordial in the struggle against disease. ; Le paludisme reste encore une urgence sanitaire dans beaucoup de pays du monde, particulièrement en Afrique Centrale où cette maladie est la première cause de morbidité et une des premières causes de mortalité infantile. À Brazzaville, capitale du Congo, ce problème de santé est loin d'être résolu et la transmission reste permanente tout au long de l'année. L'enjeu de cette étude est d'analyser l'impact géographique des mesures de contrôle du risque paludique. Une analyse transversale basée sur un jeu d'échelles du global au local permettrait de constater la nature complémentaire ou non des politiques sanitaires mises en place. Enfin, pour explorer la globalité des facteurs responsables de la persistance de la pathologie, un dernier point mérite d'être étudié : la relation entre la maladie et son contexte social et politique. Douze ans de guerre, un retard de développement et un secteur de la ...

National audience ; Malaria is still a sanitary curse in many sub‐Saharan countries. In central Africa, this disease is the first cause of mortality and one of the first causes of children'mortality. In Brazzaville, this sanitary issue is not solved at all. In Brazzaville, the capital of Congo, the malaria transmission is high and permanent all over the year. The aim of this study is to analyze the geographical impact of the control measures of malaria risk. This analysis enables to mix world and local observation scales in order to establish whether the nature of those control measures is complementary. Another sensitive question which has to be studied in order to consider all the factors responsible for the disease persistence, is: the correlation between disease and the social and political context. Twelve years of war, a delay in development and above all a health sector with a lack of medical staff, in addition to poor infrastructures and limited investments, are among the major causes of the malaria burden in Central Africa. The sanitary strategies must be regarded as primordial in the struggle against disease. ; Le paludisme reste encore une urgence sanitaire dans beaucoup de pays du monde, particulièrement en Afrique Centrale où cette maladie est la première cause de morbidité et une des premières causes de mortalité infantile. À Brazzaville, capitale du Congo, ce problème de santé est loin d'être résolu et la transmission reste permanente tout au long de l'année. L'enjeu de cette étude est d'analyser l'impact géographique des mesures de contrôle du risque paludique. Une analyse transversale basée sur un jeu d'échelles du global au local permettrait de constater la nature complémentaire ou non des politiques sanitaires mises en place. Enfin, pour explorer la globalité des facteurs responsables de la persistance de la pathologie, un dernier point mérite d'être étudié : la relation entre la maladie et son contexte social et politique. Douze ans de guerre, un retard de développement et un secteur de la ...

National audience ; Malaria is still a sanitary curse in many sub‐Saharan countries. In central Africa, this disease is the first cause of mortality and one of the first causes of children'mortality. In Brazzaville, this sanitary issue is not solved at all. In Brazzaville, the capital of Congo, the malaria transmission is high and permanent all over the year. The aim of this study is to analyze the geographical impact of the control measures of malaria risk. This analysis enables to mix world and local observation scales in order to establish whether the nature of those control measures is complementary. Another sensitive question which has to be studied in order to consider all the factors responsible for the disease persistence, is: the correlation between disease and the social and political context. Twelve years of war, a delay in development and above all a health sector with a lack of medical staff, in addition to poor infrastructures and limited investments, are among the major causes of the malaria burden in Central Africa. The sanitary strategies must be regarded as primordial in the struggle against disease. ; Le paludisme reste encore une urgence sanitaire dans beaucoup de pays du monde, particulièrement en Afrique Centrale où cette maladie est la première cause de morbidité et une des premières causes de mortalité infantile. À Brazzaville, capitale du Congo, ce problème de santé est loin d'être résolu et la transmission reste permanente tout au long de l'année. L'enjeu de cette étude est d'analyser l'impact géographique des mesures de contrôle du risque paludique. Une analyse transversale basée sur un jeu d'échelles du global au local permettrait de constater la nature complémentaire ou non des politiques sanitaires mises en place. Enfin, pour explorer la globalité des facteurs responsables de la persistance de la pathologie, un dernier point mérite d'être étudié : la relation entre la maladie et son contexte social et politique. Douze ans de guerre, un retard de développement et un secteur de la ...

National audience ; Malaria is still a sanitary curse in many sub‐Saharan countries. In central Africa, this disease is the first cause of mortality and one of the first causes of children'mortality. In Brazzaville, this sanitary issue is not solved at all. In Brazzaville, the capital of Congo, the malaria transmission is high and permanent all over the year. The aim of this study is to analyze the geographical impact of the control measures of malaria risk. This analysis enables to mix world and local observation scales in order to establish whether the nature of those control measures is complementary. Another sensitive question which has to be studied in order to consider all the factors responsible for the disease persistence, is: the correlation between disease and the social and political context. Twelve years of war, a delay in development and above all a health sector with a lack of medical staff, in addition to poor infrastructures and limited investments, are among the major causes of the malaria burden in Central Africa. The sanitary strategies must be regarded as primordial in the struggle against disease. ; Le paludisme reste encore une urgence sanitaire dans beaucoup de pays du monde, particulièrement en Afrique Centrale où cette maladie est la première cause de morbidité et une des premières causes de mortalité infantile. À Brazzaville, capitale du Congo, ce problème de santé est loin d'être résolu et la transmission reste permanente tout au long de l'année. L'enjeu de cette étude est d'analyser l'impact géographique des mesures de contrôle du risque paludique. Une analyse transversale basée sur un jeu d'échelles du global au local permettrait de constater la nature complémentaire ou non des politiques sanitaires mises en place. Enfin, pour explorer la globalité des facteurs responsables de la persistance de la pathologie, un dernier point mérite d'être étudié : la relation entre la maladie et son contexte social et politique. Douze ans de guerre, un retard de développement et un secteur de la ...

National audience ; Malaria is still a sanitary curse in many sub‐Saharan countries. In central Africa, this disease is the first cause of mortality and one of the first causes of children'mortality. In Brazzaville, this sanitary issue is not solved at all. In Brazzaville, the capital of Congo, the malaria transmission is high and permanent all over the year. The aim of this study is to analyze the geographical impact of the control measures of malaria risk. This analysis enables to mix world and local observation scales in order to establish whether the nature of those control measures is complementary. Another sensitive question which has to be studied in order to consider all the factors responsible for the disease persistence, is: the correlation between disease and the social and political context. Twelve years of war, a delay in development and above all a health sector with a lack of medical staff, in addition to poor infrastructures and limited investments, are among the major causes of the malaria burden in Central Africa. The sanitary strategies must be regarded as primordial in the struggle against disease. ; Le paludisme reste encore une urgence sanitaire dans beaucoup de pays du monde, particulièrement en Afrique Centrale où cette maladie est la première cause de morbidité et une des premières causes de mortalité infantile. À Brazzaville, capitale du Congo, ce problème de santé est loin d'être résolu et la transmission reste permanente tout au long de l'année. L'enjeu de cette étude est d'analyser l'impact géographique des mesures de contrôle du risque paludique. Une analyse transversale basée sur un jeu d'échelles du global au local permettrait de constater la nature complémentaire ou non des politiques sanitaires mises en place. Enfin, pour explorer la globalité des facteurs responsables de la persistance de la pathologie, un dernier point mérite d'être étudié : la relation entre la maladie et son contexte social et politique. Douze ans de guerre, un retard de développement et un secteur de la ...

BACKGROUND Despite an increase in scholarly and policy interest regarding the impacts of environmental change on migration, empirical knowledge in the field remains varied, patchy, and limited. Generalised discourse on environmental migration frequently oversimplifies the complex channels through which environmental change influences the migration process. OBJECTIVE This paper aims to systematise the existing empirical evidence on migration influenced by environmental change with a focus on Africa, the continent most vulnerable to climate change. METHODS We select 53 qualitative and quantitative studies on the influence of environmental change on migration from the comprehensive Climig database and systematically analyse the literature considering the multidimensional drivers of migration. RESULTS Environmental change influences migration in Africa in an indirect way by affecting other drivers of migration, including sociodemographic, economic, and political factors. How and in what direction environmental change influences migration depends on socioeconomic and geographical contexts, demographic characteristics, and the type and duration of migration. CONCLUSIONS The contextually contingent nature of migration-environment relationships prevents us from drawing a universal conclusion, whether environmental change will increase or suppress migration in Africa. However, this study unravels the complex interactions between the nature and duration of the environmental pressure, the livelihood of the populations, the role of kinship ties and the role of demographic differentials on migration response. CONTRIBUTION The review provides an initial systematic and comprehensive summary of empirical evidence on the environmental drivers of migration in Africa. It also discusses the implications of the scale, materials, and methods used in the 53 studies.

International audience ; BACKGROUNDDespite an increase in scholarly and policy interests in the impacts of environmental and climate change on migration, empirical knowledge in the field remains varied, patchy and limited. Generalized discourse on migration influenced by environmental change frequently leads to an oversimplification of the complex channels through which environmental change influences the migration process. The role of environmental and climate change in driving migration reported in existing studies seems to vary from one extreme to the other ‒ from limited and rather indirect role to significant impacts ‒ preventing us from drawing a conclusive evidence. OBJECTIVEThis paper seeks to systematize the existing empirical evidence on migration influenced by environmental change with a focus on Africa, the continent most vulnerable to climate change.METHODSWe combine elements of a systematic evidence assessment with a more reflexive form of evidence-focused literature review. 53 qualitative and quantitative studies selected from the comprehensive "Climig database" on the influence of environmental change on migration are systematically analyzed based on the framework of the multi-dimensional drivers of migration. RESULTSEnvironmental change influences migration in Africa in an indirect way i.e. through affecting other drivers of migration including sociodemographic, economic and political factors. How and in what direction environmental change influences migration depends on socioeconomic and geographical contexts, demographic characteristics and type and duration of migration.CONCLUSIONSIt is not possible to draw a universal conclusion whether environmental change will increase or suppress migration in Africa since it is context-specific.CONTRIBUTIONThe review provides a first systematic and comprehensive summary of empirical evidence on environmental driver of migration in Africa considering direct and indirect pathways through which environmental change influence internal and international ...

BACKGROUND: Despite an increase in scholarly and policy interest regarding the impacts of environmental change on migration, empirical knowledge in the field remains varied, patchy, and limited. Generalised discourse on environmental migration frequently oversimplifies the complex channels through which environmental change influences the migration process. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to systematise the existing empirical evidence on migration influenced by environmental change with a focus on Africa, the continent most vulnerable to climate change. METHODS: We select 53 qualitative and quantitative studies on the influence of environmental change on migration from the comprehensive Climig database and systematically analyse the literature considering the multidimensional drivers of migration. RESULTS: Environmental change influences migration in Africa in an indirect way by affecting other drivers of migration, including sociodemographic, economic, and political factors. How and in what direction environmental change influences migration depends on socioeconomic and geographical contexts, demographic characteristics, and the type and duration of migration. CONCLUSIONS: The contextually contingent nature of Migration-environment relationships prevents us from drawing a universal conclusion, whether environmental change will increase or suppress migration in Africa. However, this study unravels the complex interactions between the nature and duration of the environmental pressure, the livelihood of the populations, the role of kinship ties and the role of demographic differentials on migration response. Contribution: The review provides an initial systematic and comprehensive summary of empirical evidence on the environmental drivers of migration in Africa. It also discusses the implications of the scale, materials, and methods used in the 53 studies.

International audience ; Studies on urban spaces require detailed information with a high quality. This has a cost that limits its availability in the less developed countries and makes researchers dependent on existing resources. Whatever the considered problem, the question of sources is essential. With the development and democratization of GIS and satellite imagery, a large number of information from increasingly diversified sources becomes available. The civilian satellites to Earth observation flying over the planet for the years 1960-70, enable the detection and mapping of different ecosystems. In this study, we plan to explore the Dakar metropolitan area. Big African metropolis Dakar has a good-quality census coverage, which has recently been spatialized. We also have recent satellite images complementing this equipment. If a study on the crossing of census data with satellite information is not a very original approach, its application to the metropolitan Dakar will investigate specifically the sub-space urban areas of the city. Interest will therefore to establish links between social attributes (by census data), landscapes in these areas, and their occupation of the land (environmental variables extracted from satellite imagery). These preliminary results, presented here, will be the cornerstone of a study of urban malaria, which questions the interactions between the space of the vector, Anopheles, and that of the host, the human being. However, the spatial distribution of the vector is closely related to socio-economic attributes of populations. In other words, we wish initially to assess the relevance of these two sources in order to approach the wealth inequalities of the population of Dakar. This concept is defined synthetically by the lack of material resources of the inhabitants, which places them in a precarious and unstable situation when they are subjected to an external threat (eg floods, diseases, .) This work will also inform the geography of the city of Dakar, at a fine scale or even ...

International audience ; Studies on urban spaces require detailed information with a high quality. This has a cost that limits its availability in the less developed countries and makes researchers dependent on existing resources. Whatever the considered problem, the question of sources is essential. With the development and democratization of GIS and satellite imagery, a large number of information from increasingly diversified sources becomes available. The civilian satellites to Earth observation flying over the planet for the years 1960-70, enable the detection and mapping of different ecosystems. In this study, we plan to explore the Dakar metropolitan area. Big African metropolis Dakar has a good-quality census coverage, which has recently been spatialized. We also have recent satellite images complementing this equipment. If a study on the crossing of census data with satellite information is not a very original approach, its application to the metropolitan Dakar will investigate specifically the sub-space urban areas of the city. Interest will therefore to establish links between social attributes (by census data), landscapes in these areas, and their occupation of the land (environmental variables extracted from satellite imagery). These preliminary results, presented here, will be the cornerstone of a study of urban malaria, which questions the interactions between the space of the vector, Anopheles, and that of the host, the human being. However, the spatial distribution of the vector is closely related to socio-economic attributes of populations. In other words, we wish initially to assess the relevance of these two sources in order to approach the wealth inequalities of the population of Dakar. This concept is defined synthetically by the lack of material resources of the inhabitants, which places them in a precarious and unstable situation when they are subjected to an external threat (eg floods, diseases, .) This work will also inform the geography of the city of Dakar, at a fine scale or even ...

International audience ; Studies on urban spaces require detailed information with a high quality. This has a cost that limits its availability in the less developed countries and makes researchers dependent on existing resources. Whatever the considered problem, the question of sources is essential. With the development and democratization of GIS and satellite imagery, a large number of information from increasingly diversified sources becomes available. The civilian satellites to Earth observation flying over the planet for the years 1960-70, enable the detection and mapping of different ecosystems. In this study, we plan to explore the Dakar metropolitan area. Big African metropolis Dakar has a good-quality census coverage, which has recently been spatialized. We also have recent satellite images complementing this equipment. If a study on the crossing of census data with satellite information is not a very original approach, its application to the metropolitan Dakar will investigate specifically the sub-space urban areas of the city. Interest will therefore to establish links between social attributes (by census data), landscapes in these areas, and their occupation of the land (environmental variables extracted from satellite imagery). These preliminary results, presented here, will be the cornerstone of a study of urban malaria, which questions the interactions between the space of the vector, Anopheles, and that of the host, the human being. However, the spatial distribution of the vector is closely related to socio-economic attributes of populations. In other words, we wish initially to assess the relevance of these two sources in order to approach the wealth inequalities of the population of Dakar. This concept is defined synthetically by the lack of material resources of the inhabitants, which places them in a precarious and unstable situation when they are subjected to an external threat (eg floods, diseases, .) This work will also inform the geography of the city of Dakar, at a fine scale or even ...

International audience ; Studies on urban spaces require detailed information with a high quality. This has a cost that limits its availability in the less developed countries and makes researchers dependent on existing resources. Whatever the considered problem, the question of sources is essential. With the development and democratization of GIS and satellite imagery, a large number of information from increasingly diversified sources becomes available. The civilian satellites to Earth observation flying over the planet for the years 1960-70, enable the detection and mapping of different ecosystems. In this study, we plan to explore the Dakar metropolitan area. Big African metropolis Dakar has a good-quality census coverage, which has recently been spatialized. We also have recent satellite images complementing this equipment. If a study on the crossing of census data with satellite information is not a very original approach, its application to the metropolitan Dakar will investigate specifically the sub-space urban areas of the city. Interest will therefore to establish links between social attributes (by census data), landscapes in these areas, and their occupation of the land (environmental variables extracted from satellite imagery). These preliminary results, presented here, will be the cornerstone of a study of urban malaria, which questions the interactions between the space of the vector, Anopheles, and that of the host, the human being. However, the spatial distribution of the vector is closely related to socio-economic attributes of populations. In other words, we wish initially to assess the relevance of these two sources in order to approach the wealth inequalities of the population of Dakar. This concept is defined synthetically by the lack of material resources of the inhabitants, which places them in a precarious and unstable situation when they are subjected to an external threat (eg floods, diseases, .) This work will also inform the geography of the city of Dakar, at a fine scale or even ...

International audience ; Studies on urban spaces require detailed information with a high quality. This has a cost that limits its availability in the less developed countries and makes researchers dependent on existing resources. Whatever the considered problem, the question of sources is essential. With the development and democratization of GIS and satellite imagery, a large number of information from increasingly diversified sources becomes available. The civilian satellites to Earth observation flying over the planet for the years 1960-70, enable the detection and mapping of different ecosystems. In this study, we plan to explore the Dakar metropolitan area. Big African metropolis Dakar has a good-quality census coverage, which has recently been spatialized. We also have recent satellite images complementing this equipment. If a study on the crossing of census data with satellite information is not a very original approach, its application to the metropolitan Dakar will investigate specifically the sub-space urban areas of the city. Interest will therefore to establish links between social attributes (by census data), landscapes in these areas, and their occupation of the land (environmental variables extracted from satellite imagery). These preliminary results, presented here, will be the cornerstone of a study of urban malaria, which questions the interactions between the space of the vector, Anopheles, and that of the host, the human being. However, the spatial distribution of the vector is closely related to socio-economic attributes of populations. In other words, we wish initially to assess the relevance of these two sources in order to approach the wealth inequalities of the population of Dakar. This concept is defined synthetically by the lack of material resources of the inhabitants, which places them in a precarious and unstable situation when they are subjected to an external threat (eg floods, diseases, .) This work will also inform the geography of the city of Dakar, at a fine scale or even ...

International audience ; Studies on urban spaces require detailed information with a high quality. This has a cost that limits its availability in the less developed countries and makes researchers dependent on existing resources. Whatever the considered problem, the question of sources is essential. With the development and democratization of GIS and satellite imagery, a large number of information from increasingly diversified sources becomes available. The civilian satellites to Earth observation flying over the planet for the years 1960-70, enable the detection and mapping of different ecosystems. In this study, we plan to explore the Dakar metropolitan area. Big African metropolis Dakar has a good-quality census coverage, which has recently been spatialized. We also have recent satellite images complementing this equipment. If a study on the crossing of census data with satellite information is not a very original approach, its application to the metropolitan Dakar will investigate specifically the sub-space urban areas of the city. Interest will therefore to establish links between social attributes (by census data), landscapes in these areas, and their occupation of the land (environmental variables extracted from satellite imagery). These preliminary results, presented here, will be the cornerstone of a study of urban malaria, which questions the interactions between the space of the vector, Anopheles, and that of the host, the human being. However, the spatial distribution of the vector is closely related to socio-economic attributes of populations. In other words, we wish initially to assess the relevance of these two sources in order to approach the wealth inequalities of the population of Dakar. This concept is defined synthetically by the lack of material resources of the inhabitants, which places them in a precarious and unstable situation when they are subjected to an external threat (eg floods, diseases, .) This work will also inform the geography of the city of Dakar, at a fine scale or even ...

International audience ; Studies on urban spaces require detailed information with a high quality. This has a cost that limits its availability in the less developed countries and makes researchers dependent on existing resources. Whatever the considered problem, the question of sources is essential. With the development and democratization of GIS and satellite imagery, a large number of information from increasingly diversified sources becomes available. The civilian satellites to Earth observation flying over the planet for the years 1960-70, enable the detection and mapping of different ecosystems. In this study, we plan to explore the Dakar metropolitan area. Big African metropolis Dakar has a good-quality census coverage, which has recently been spatialized. We also have recent satellite images complementing this equipment. If a study on the crossing of census data with satellite information is not a very original approach, its application to the metropolitan Dakar will investigate specifically the sub-space urban areas of the city. Interest will therefore to establish links between social attributes (by census data), landscapes in these areas, and their occupation of the land (environmental variables extracted from satellite imagery). These preliminary results, presented here, will be the cornerstone of a study of urban malaria, which questions the interactions between the space of the vector, Anopheles, and that of the host, the human being. However, the spatial distribution of the vector is closely related to socio-economic attributes of populations. In other words, we wish initially to assess the relevance of these two sources in order to approach the wealth inequalities of the population of Dakar. This concept is defined synthetically by the lack of material resources of the inhabitants, which places them in a precarious and unstable situation when they are subjected to an external threat (eg floods, diseases, .) This work will also inform the geography of the city of Dakar, at a fine scale or even ...