Suchergebnisse

Pour lutter contre la montée de l'obésité, les pouvoirs publics ont depuis une dizaine d'années, mis en place des politiques visant à modifier les comportements alimentaires. En France, le ministère de la Santé a lancé en 2001 le Programme National Nutrition Santé (PNNS). L'essentiel des instruments de politiques mis en œuvre vise à apporter de l'information aux consommateurs pour qu'ils fassent des choix plus « avisés » d'un point de vue nutritionnel. Cependant, les actions menées jusqu'à présent n'ont pas permis de stopper significativement la croissance de l'obésité. D'autres types d'instruments, visant à modifier l'environnement de marché des consommateurs, ont été peu utilisés. Parmi ceux-ci, la modification des prix via des taxes ou subventions est une option souvent débattue mais rarement mise en place. En Europe, plusieurs pays comme la Hongrie, la Finlande ou le Danemark ont introduit récemment des taxes sur les produits jugés délétères pour la santé. En France depuis le 1er Janvier 2012, les Boissons Rafraichissantes Sans Alcool (BRSA) sont taxées à hauteur de 7,16 centimes d'euros par litre. A partir de l'exemple de la France, nous présentons une synthèse des effets potentiels de la mise en oeuvre de taxes nutritionnelles. Comme il y a peu d'exemples de taxes nutritionnelles mises en place, la plupart des analyses de leur impact potentiel sur la consommation et sur la santé sont des analyses dites ex ante qui reposent sur des simulations. Les modèles utilisés, estimés sur des observations de consommation passées, permettent d'évaluer les changements de consommation induits par des changements de prix d'un ou plusieurs biens. Les travaux sur le cas français intègrent non seulement la réaction des consommateurs aux changements de prix des biens mais aussi, et c'est là sa principale originalité, l'impact de la mise en place de la taxe sur les prix des produits. En effet, les producteurs de boissons et les distributeurs peuvent répercuter partiellement la taxe en réduisant leurs marges, ou bien avoir intérêt à répercuter plus que le montant de la taxe sur le prix final en augmentant leurs marges. Nos travaux montrent que ces stratégies d'ajustement des prix dépendent du type de taxe mise en place. Ils permettent également d'évaluer l'impact des taxes sur la consommation de sucres par les boissons en intégrant les reports de consommation entre différents types de boissons.

Healthier food diet is likely to prevent numerous non communicable diseases. Then there is a growing interest in evaluating the impact of food price taxation on food consumption. However, strategic reactions of both manufacturers and retailers are missing in empirical analysis. Rather, passive pricing is assumed. We develop a structural econometric model, to analyze vertical relationships between the food industry and the retail industry. We apply this model to the beverage industry and consider taxation of sugar. After selecting the 'best' model of vertical relationships, we simulate different taxation scenarios. We consider excise tax as well as ad valorem tax. We find that firms behave differently when facing an ad valorem tax or an excise tax. Excise tax is overshifted to consumer prices while ad valorem tax is undershifted to consumer prices. We find that an excise tax based on sugar content is the most efficient at reducing soft drink consumption. Our results also indicate that ignoring strategic pricing by firms leads to misestimate the impact of taxation by 15% to 40% depending on the products and the tax implemented.

Whereas National Health authorities recommend a decrease in the consumption of 'added' sugar, a reform on the Sugar Market will lead to a 36% decrease of the sugar price in the EU. Using French data on soft drinks purchases, this paper investigates the anticipated impact of this reform on the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages. The reform of the EU sugar policy leads to a decrease in regular soft drink prices by 3% and varies across brands. To assess substitution within this food category, we use a random-coefficients logit model that takes into account a large number of differentiated products and heterogeneity in consumers' behavior. Results suggest that price changes would lead to an increase in market shares of regular products by 7.5% and to substitutions between brands to the benefit of products with the highest sugar content. On the whole, it would raise consumption of regular soft drinks by more than 1 liter per person per year and consumption of added sugar by 124 grams per person per year, this increase being larger in households composed of overweight and obese individuals.

National Health authorities recommend a decrease in the consumption of 'added' sugar. At the same moment, a reform of the Common Organisation of the Sugar Market will lead to a decrease by more than 30% of the sugar price in the EU. Using the example of the soft drink industry,this paper investigates the impact of that reform on the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages. Because the soft drink industry as well as the retail industry are both highly concentrated, using structural econometrics model, we first estimate models of vertical relationships between the beverage industry and the retail industry. After selecting the 'best' model of vertical relationships, we then simulate the impact of the decrease in sugar price on prices and consumption for different categories of consumers. We also study the impact of setting taxes on soft drink as it was recently proposed in order to counterbalance the impact of the sugar policy reform. Using French data on the Soft Drinks purchases, we find that this reform could decrease prices by 5% and increase market shares of regular products by 8% that would rise the consumption of regular soft drink by more than 1 liter per year and per person. The increase in per person consumption is larger in households composed of overweight and obese individuals. A tax of 6 cents on high sugar content products and 3 cents on low sugar content products might more than annihilate the effect of the sugar price decrease. In average, the combination of the sugar policy reform and the additional tax might provoke a decrease in the average consumption of regular soft drinks by and would fall the consumption of regular soft drinks by about 1.9 liters per person. The policy reforms have also some impact on the demand of diet products as there is some substitution between regular and diet products.