Open Access#12021
Cyber Systems: Their Science, Engineering, and Security
17 USC 105 interim-entered record; under temporary embargo. ; Cyber security is a multi-functionary area of practice; effective solutions are difficult because of the diverse range of expertise required and the involvement of fallible humans. The impact and number of successful attacks grows every year even while cyber security spending grows at a double-digit annual rate. To fundamentally improve the state of cyber security, research must consider cross-disciplinary techniques and investigate novel paths; incremental progress is unlikely to fundamentally improve the state of the practice. ; U.S. Government affiliation is unstated in article text.