Suchergebnisse

"Does the development of new technology cause an increase in the level of surveillance used by central government? Is the growth in surveillance merely a reaction to terrorism, or a solution to crime control? Are there more structural roots for the increase in surveillance? This book attempts to find some answers to these questions by examining how governments have increased their use of surveillance technology. Focusing on a range of countries in Europe and beyond, this book demonstrates how government penetration into private citizens' lives was developing years before the 'war on terrorism.' It also aims to answer the question of whether central government actually has penetrated ever deeper into the lives of private citizens in various countries inside and outside of Europe, and whether citizens are protected against it, or have fought back. The main focus of the volume is on how surveillance has shaped the relationship between the citizen and the State. The contributors and editors of the volume look into the question of how central government came to intrude on citizens' private lives from two perspectives: identification card systems and surveillance in post-authoritarian societies. Their aim is to present the heterogeneity of the European historical surveillance past in the hope that this might shed light on current trends. Essential reading for criminologists, sociologists and political scientists alike, this book provides some much-needed historical context on a highly topical issue."

This report on COVID-19 Crisis Governance is Deliverable 1.1 of the project "HERoS - Health Emergency Response in Interconnected Systems." Drawing on a selective review of published literature, theoretical constructs from organization sciences, public administration and political sciences, and feedback from experts in three countries (Netherlands, Finland and Italy), it conceptualizes the COVID-19 outbreak and its consequences as a wicked problem; a complex and dynamic societal challenge for which there is no single and widely accepted solution. It also analyzes the outbreak as a slow burning crisis, with long lasting effects well beyond when the "hot phase" of the crisis is over. The COVID-19 crisis has no clear beginning or end, which means that it can remain undefined and poorly understood for a long time. This report utilizes social scientific methods, particularly (policy) document analysis, discourse analysis and interviews, to unravel the social and human aspects of decision-making practices, collective sensemaking and coordination. The guiding questions are: "How did various formal and informal stakeholders govern the COVID-19 crisis situation over time? How did they collectively make sense of the evolving situation and make joint decisions? How did the involved agencies collaborate and coordinate their activities in response to the COVID-19 crisis?" The COVID-19 Crisis Governance Framework introduced in this report is based on the "whole-of-society" approach and contains three analytical layers: (1) The state and the institutional landscape, (2) Established and emerging response organizations and networks, (3) Societal resilience and participation. Using multi-level, network and participatory governance theories, vertical and horizontal dispersions of authority among local, provincial, national, supra-national, and global levels of government are addressed. The Framework also addresses the actions and interactions of non-governmental organizations, private actors and civil society. Societal resilience ...

Tensions arose in the X-ray department of the Philips research laboratory during the interwar period, caused by the interplay among technological development, organizational culture, and individual behavior. This article traces the efforts of Philips researchers to find a balance between their professional goals and status and the company's strategy. The X-ray research, overseen by Gilles Holst, the laboratory's director, and Albert Bouwers, the group leader for the X-ray department, was a financial failure despite technological successes. Nevertheless, Bouwers was able to continue his X-ray research, having gained the support of company owner Anton Philips. The narrative of the X-ray department allows us to explore not only the personal tensions between Holst and Bouwers, but also the interaction between individual goals and company strategy in an industrial research laboratory.

Big data, surveillance and crisis management / by Kees Boersma and Chiara Fonio -- Social media and crisis management -- The use of social media for crisis management : a privacy by design approach / by Muhammad Imran, Patrick Meier and Kees Boersma -- Mining social media for effective crisis response : machine learning and disaster response / by Rachel Finn, Hayley Watson and Kush Wadhwa -- Between the promise and reality of using social media in crisis management : lies, rumours and vigilantism / by Gemma Galdon Clavell -- Big data and health surveillance -- Biosecuring public health : the example of essence / by Henning Fuller -- Triggering action : participatory surveillance and event detection in public health emergency management / by Martin French and Baki Cakici -- Case studies on disasters, crisis and big data -- Resilience, surveillance and big data in crisis management : case studies from Europe, the United Kingdom and New Zealand / by Charles Leleux and C. William R. Webster -- Monitoring a big data cyclon : the sardinian case / by Allesandro Burato -- Intersecting intelligence : exploring big data disruptions / by Xaroula Kerasidou, Katrina Petersen and Monika Buscher -- "Value-veillance" : opening the black box of surveillance in emergency management / by Karolin Eva Kappler and Uwe Vormbusch -- Times of crises and the development of the police national automatic number plate recognition system in the UK / by Clive Norris and Xavier D L'Hoiry.

"Big data, surveillance, crisis management. Three largely different and richly researched fields, however, the interplay amongst these three domains is rarely addressed. In this enlightening title, the link between these three fields is explored in a consequential order through a variety of contributions and series of unique and international case studies. Indeed, whilst considering crisis management as an "umbrella term" that covers a number of crises and ways of managing them, the reader will also explore the collection of "big data" by governmental crisis organisations. However, this volume also addresses the unintended consequences of using such data. In particular, through the lens of surveillance, one will also investigate how the use and abuse of big data can easily lead to monitoring and controlling the behaviour of people affected by crises. Thus, the reader will ultimately join the authors in their debate of how big data in crisis management needs to be examined as a political process involving questions of power and transparency. An enlightening and highly topical volume, Big Data, Surveillance and Crisis Management will appeal to postgraduate students and postdoctoral researchers interested in fields including Sociology and Surveillance Studies, Disaster and Crisis Management, Media Studies, Governmentality, Organisation Theory and Information Society Studies."--Provided by publisher.

AbstractAs a cross-border, transboundary crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic affected societies worldwide, compromising socio-technical systems across geographical, judicial, and administrative borders. The outbreak can be considered a health crisis, but due to the measures taken to control the spread of the virus, it also exposed the global medical supply chain's vulnerability. Formal authorities struggling to restore the supply chain caused serious problems in the crisis response as the supply of vital medical equipment was scrutinized. However, unexpected allies including social entrepreneurial initiatives provided bottom-up solutions to restore the broken supply chain. This paper seeks to bring attention to how social entrepreneurs respond to a crisis alongside the formal crisis governance system and generate resources related to product development and logistics. By presenting a case study about how Refugee Company's "Mondmaskerfabriek" (Face Mask Factory) engaged with the cross-border dimension of the COVID-19 crisis, we show how a social enterprise was able to establish a supply chain and domestically produce personal protection equipment. As the article shows, both crisis management scholars and policy makers should pay more attention to the potential of social entrepreneurial activities during crisis.

The common operational picture is used to overcome coordination and information management problems during emergency response. Increasingly, this approach is incorporated in more advanced information systems. This is rooted in an 'information warehouse' perspective, which implies information can be collected, sorted and exchanged in an accessible and univocal form. In practice, however, professionals interpret similar information differently. Therefore, we focus on how emergency responders develop collective sensemaking from information. We employ a 'trading zone' perspective, in which information is negotiated, to study information management in an ethnographic study of disaster exercises in the Netherlands. Our analysis shows how professionals attribute different meanings to information that distorts the coordination process. We end by stressing the importance of actionable knowledge and reflexivity.

ABSTRACTThis article looks at the shifting position of the 'Iranian diaspora' in relation to Iran as it is influenced by online and offline transnational networks. In the 1980s the exilic identity of a large part of the Iranian diaspora was the core factor in establishing an extended, yet exclusive form of transnational network. Since then, the patterns of identity within this community have shifted towards a more inclusive network as a result of those transnational connections, leading to more extensive and intense connections and activities between the Iranian diaspora and Iranians in Iran. The main concern of the article is to examine how the narratives of identity are constructed and transformed within Iranian (charity) networks and to identify the factors that contribute to this transformation. The authors use the transnational lens to view diasporic positioning as linked to development issues. New technological sources help diaspora groups, in this case Iranians, to build virtual embedded ties that transcend nation states and borders. Yet, the study also shows that these transnational connections can still be challenged by the nation state, as has been the case with recent developments in Iran.