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Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Executive Summary -- Introduction -- Rationale for the Three Focus Areas -- The Key Numbers: A Tertiary Education System under Pressure -- Key Findings: Quality and Relevance -- Key Findings: Student Financing -- Key Findings: Regulatory Oversight and Management of the Higher Education Sector -- Policy Options -- Improving Governance through the Process of Expansion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Quality and Relevance -- Objective -- Introduction

Providing quality training that leads young people to jobs is critical for the economic and social development of the Province of Sindh, Pakistan. This working paper assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the Sindh Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority (STEVTA) as a provincial apex body in Technical Education and Vocational Training (TVET). The recent establishment of STEVTA was a major step to reduce fragmentation of training policies and programs. The paper assesses the Authority's legal foundation, governance, management, organization, human resources, financial resources and management, and networking with external organizations. The institutional assessment finds that Government of Sindh and STEVTA need to: (i) strengthen its governance by establishing a clearer reporting structure for the management of the authority's director, and by increasing the involvement of the private sector in the board, (ii) enhance its institutional capacity through hiring of teachers in its institutions based upon increased funding and a sustainable HR rationalization plan for the system that is coordinated with planned physical investments in institutions, and (iii) build strong operational capacity by establishing rules of business and management information systems, and drafting a strategic plan. Lastly, to fully achieve its mandate, continued and consistent governmental support is essential to give STEVTA stability and funding to fulfill its mandate: employment through skills.

Although some progress has been made in the basic education sector in Pakistan, currently, less than 1 percent of the population aged 10 years and above is trained in occupational skills. This situation could be improved through an identification of employment opportunities, a provision of appropriate training, promotion of effective employment policy from the government, and a stronger linkage between those who are trained and a labor market. In order to identify what, when and where training and skills are needed and how skills are imparted, this paper analyses the results of the employer survey conducted in November 2009 towards 1,000 selected enterprises. The results of the survey will provide various benchmarks which can be used over time to: measure how Sindh Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority (STEVTA) and Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Youth Development Program (BBSYDP) can improve existing program outcomes, and to monitor changes in labor market demand so that STEVTA and BBSYDP can shift resources appropriately. Authors conclude this paper with eight findings and recommendations: 1) rising demand for skills indicates the need for skills program, 2) need for training of specific skills such as on-the-job training and communication skills, 3) need for specific trainings for occupations demanded, 4) improved employment prospects, 5) trainees' need for direct contacts to firms and preparation for interviews, 6) need for an increase in visibility of BBSYDP, 7) need for a reform in public institutions, and 8) current focus of firm's internal trainings on educated and skilled employees.

Industry affiliation provides an important channel through which trade liberalization can affect worker earnings and wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. This empirical study of the impact of the 1988-94 trade liberalization in Brazil on the industry wage structure suggests that although industry affiliation is an important component of worker earnings, the structure of industry wage premiums is relatively stable over time. There is no statistical association between changes in industry wage premiums and changes in trade policy or between industry-specific skill premiums to university graduates and trade policy. Thus trade liberalization in Brazil did not significantly contribute to increased wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers through changes in industry wage premiums. The difference between these results and those obtained for other countries (such as Colombia and Mexico) provides fruitful ground for studying the conditions under which trade reforms do not have an adverse effect on industry wage differentials

Expanding tertiary education with quality, relevance, and equity is one of the most decisive challenges facing Kenya's future, including achievement of the ideals of the 2010 Constitution and, especially, its 2030 vision, which aims at transforming Kenya into a "newly industrializing, middle-income, globally competitive, and prosperous country." That is because tertiary education can contribute in a critical manner to successfully overcome several of the country's challenges. This book provides analysis and policy recommendations to the government of Kenya, tertiary education leaders, and the many stakeholders on managing the massive tertiary education expansion facing the country. It discusses the motivation for the analysis and its choice of three critical topics— quality and relevance, governance, and student financing. Then it reviews the findings in each area and concludes with a set of policy recommendations.