Suchergebnisse

Our knowledge of colonial Brazilian demography is appallingly low. European migration to Brazil remains a particularly neglected topic. It is no small irony that the migration of African slaves to Portuguese America is better documented than free white immigration. Surprisingly, reliable information is perhaps scarcest for the eighteenth-century gold-rush period when immigration to Brazil preoccupied Crown and treasure seekers alike. The manner of social and physical conditions which pushed individuals and families from their homes, the numerical ebb and flow of settlement patterns, even the simple mechanics of transport to the colony, remain caught inside a nebulous swirl of mythology, conjecture, and impressionistic conclusions. After two and a half centuries historians have scarcely gone beyond Antonil's oft quoted comment that 'lured by the insatiable thirst for gold, a large quantity of Portuguese and foreigners arrive each year on the fleet heading to the mines […] the mixture is of every condition of people: men and women, young and old, poor and rich, nobles and plebeians, laymen and clerics, and friars from various orders, many of whom possess neither house nor convent in Brazil'.

Racetrack and sports betting markets have been researched extensively with respect to the question of market efficiency. In contrast to the consistently observed favourite–longshot bias found in racetrack betting markets, it has been shown that gamblers in the market for Major League Baseball games reveal the opposite behaviour. This paper updates the previous study with ten years of additional data for the 1990–99 seasons. The strength of the reverse favourite–longshot bias is virtually identical to the original paper. The result suggests that, contrary to most reported inefficiencies in gambling markets, this bias appears to be permanent.

In 2012, nursing homes were considered the most dangerous workplaces in the United States. While other industries have guidelines that limit manual lifting of stable objects to ≤50 pounds, the same is not so in the nursing home industry where residents requiring physical assistance may weigh over 250 pounds and where the prevalence of obesity among residents is increasing. Safe patient handling legislation in nursing homes has been enacted in nine of the United States since 2005 (Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Rhode Island, and Texas). This paper reviews the problem of worker injuries in nursing homes, describes the legislation passed to address the problem, and reviews the data available on the effectiveness of the legislation. No national studies evaluating the effectiveness of safe patient handling state policies on nursing home injuries exists, although the National Institute on Occupational Safety and Health has recently funded a national evaluation.

Статья посвящена анализу действующего законодательства субъектов Российской Федерации в сфере государственно-частного партнерства. Автор излагает точку зрения о том, что возникновению государственно-частного партнерства как института законодательства в Российской Федерации способствовал конституционный принцип федерализма, благодаря которому естественно возникшие общественные отношения по поводу государственно-частного партнерства были своевременно урегулированы законодательством субъектов Российской Федерации. Анализируя действующее законодательство субъектов Российской Федерации в сфере государственно-частного партнерства, автор выделяет существенные общие черты в данном законодательстве, имеющиеся в подавляющем числе субъектов Российской Федерации, а также раскрывает менее распространенные случаи. Автором исследуется вопрос механизма реализации полномочий органов государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации в сфере государственно-частного партнерства. Анализируются различные варианты такого механизма на примере отдельных субъектов федерации. В статье также уделяется внимание исследованию вопроса финансирования проектов государственно-частного партнерства в России на региональном уровне. Основными научными методами, использованными в статье, являются методы комплексного и сравнительного анализа. Научная новизна тезисов, излагаемых в статье, подтверждается тем фактом, что институт государственно-частного партнерства ранее в контексте конституционного права не рассматривался, а актуальность выбранной темы обосновывается активно развивающимися социально-экономическими процессами, способствовавшими появлению государственно-частного партнерства в Российской Федерации. ; The article presents the analysis of the current legislation in subjects of the Russian Federation in the field of public-private partnership. The author states that the emergence of public-private partnership as the Institute of law in the Russian Federation was caused by the constitutional principle of federalism. According to that principle the naturally arising public-private social relations were governed by the legislation of subjects of the Russian Federation in proper time. Having analyzed the current legislation of subjects of the Russian Federation in the field of public-private partnership, the author highlights some features common for the majority of subjects of the Russian Federation. The differences and less common rules of law are also described. The author examines the ways that government authorities in subjects of the Russian Federation use to implement their power in the sphere of public-private partnership. Various versions of this mechanism are shown considering the situation in different subjects of the Russian Federation. The attention is also paid to the financing of projects of public-private partnership in Russia at the regional level. The main research method used in the article is integrated comparative analysis. The scientific novelty of the main ideas stated in the article is confirmed by the fact that the field of public-private partnership had never been analyzed concerning the constitutional law. The topicality of the article is determined by actively developing social and economic processes contributing to the emergence of public-private partnership in the Russian Federation.

Данная статья посвящена анализу государственно-частного партнерства, в настоящий момент активно развивающемуся в Российской Федерации, с позиции конституционного права, а именно, с точки зрения возможности использования его в качестве инструмента, позволяющего реализовывать конституционные принципы в сфере предпринимательской и иной экономической деятельности. В статье подвергается анализу само понятие «государственно-частное партнерство» и предпринимается попытка разрешить вопрос о корректности его применения с терминологической точки зрения. Возможность рассмотрения государственно-частного партнерства как инструмента реализации конституционных принципов рассматривается путем анализа точек зрения ведущих авторов, монографической и периодической литературы, а также существующих нормативно-правовых актов и готовящихся к принятию законопроектов. Основными научными методами, использованными в статье, являются методы комплексного и сравнительного анализа. Научная новизна тезисов, излагаемых в статье, подтверждается тем фактом, что государственно-частное партнерство ранее в контексте конституционного права не рассматривалось, а актуальность выбранной темы обосновывается активно развивающимися социально-экономическими процессами, поспособствовавшими появлению государственно-частного партнерства в Российской Федерации. ; The article is devoted to the analysis of a public-private partnership, currently developing in the Russian Federation, with the application of Constitutional Law principles, namely, whether it is possible to use it as a means for implementation of constitutional principles in the sphere of entrepreneurial or any other economic activity. To prove the validity of his position, the author analyses the concept of publicprivate partnership and attempts to tackle the issue concerning the correctness of itsapplication as a term. Moreover, the author analyses the views of top researchers, monographs and periodical publications, legal documents and bills. The basic research methods applied in the article are complex and comparative analysis. The novelty of the views expressed by the author is proved by the fact that public-private partnership has never been considered in the context of the Constitutional law and the topicality of the theme chosen is substantiated by the developing social and economic processes that stimulated the emergence of public-private partnership in the Russian Federation.

© 2016, US Government. Flood plains play a potentially important role in the global carbon cycle. The accumulation of organic matter in flood plains often induces the formation of chemically reduced groundwater and sediments along riverbanks. In this study, our objective is to evaluate the cumulative impact of such reduced zones, water table fluctuations, and temperature gradients on subsurface carbon fluxes in a flood plain at Rifle, Colorado located along the Colorado River. 2-D coupled variably-saturated, non-isothermal flow and biogeochemical reactive transport modeling was applied to improve our understanding of the abiotic and microbially mediated reactions controlling carbon dynamics at the Rifle site. Model simulations considering only abiotic reactions (thus ignoring microbial reactions) underestimated CO2partial pressures observed in the unsaturated zone and severely underestimated inorganic (and overestimated organic) carbon fluxes to the river compared to simulations with biotic pathways. Both model simulations and field observations highlighted the need to include microbial contributions from chemolithoautotrophic processes (e.g., Fe+2and S−2oxidation) to match locally-observed high CO2concentrations above reduced zones. Observed seasonal variations in CO2concentrations in the unsaturated zone could not be reproduced without incorporating temperature gradients in the simulations. Incorporating temperature fluctuations resulted in an increase in the annual groundwater carbon fluxes to the river by 170 % to 3.3 g m−2d−1, while including water table variations resulted in an overall decrease in the simulated fluxes. We conclude that spatial microbial and redox zonation as well as temporal fluctuations of temperature and water table depth contribute significantly to subsurface carbon fluxes in flood plains and need to be represented appropriately in model simulations.