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Origins of the gender wage gap -- Freelance jobs : babysitters -- Retail and apparel -- Race and class -- Long term effects

Youth labor is an important element in our modern economy, but as students' consumption habits have changed, so too have their reasons for working. In Consuming Work, Yasemin Besen-Cassino reveals that many American high school and college students work for social reasons, not monetary gain. Most are affluent, suburban, white youth employed in part-time jobs at places like the Coffee Bean so they can be associated with a cool brand, hangout with their friends, and get discounts. Consuming Work offers a fascinating picture of youth at work and how jobs a.

The article provides an overview of the effects of broader economic changes on the division of housework among dual earner heterosexual couples. It summarizes some of the broader methodological and theoretical trends in the field and calls for an interdisciplinary, intersectional approach in studying men today.

Sociologist Yasemin Besen-Cassino explores the techniques through which employers attract young, attractive, and middle-class workers for minimum wage, service sector jobs. Using in-depth interviews and job ads, she shows that employers focus on social benefits, discounts, and prestige of the brand to attract higher income workers to low paying jobs.

The gender wage gap is among the most persistent and durable characteristics of labor markets and women's lives. Despite differences in focus, almost all studies of the gender wage gap focus on the adult labor market; however, almost every teenager in the United States works before adulthood. Therefore, an overwhelming majority of the population experiences the labor market, and possibly the gender wage gap, well beforehand. This article focuses on the early labor market experiences of youth and analyzes the gender differentials in earning in the youth labor market. The findings show there are no gender differences in wages for twelve- to thirteen-year-old youths. However, we see the emergence of the gender wage gap around fourteen, which widens with age. The wage differential in the early labor market is explained mostly by occupational factors such as types of jobs in which boys and girls are employed. In this way, the "cost of being a girl" still remains.

AbstractIn recent years, part‐time work has emerged as an important area of study in understanding young people's lives. The existing literature on young people's work focuses predominantly on the effects of youth labor, particularly on academic progress, future employment, emotional development, and deviant behavior. While youth employment has been studied extensively from the perspectives of parents, educators, and policy‐makers, the central actors – young people themselves – have been relatively neglected and young people's motives behind work remain virtually unexplored. A bourgeoning literature advocates a subject‐centric approach and proposes an understanding of youth labor from the perspective of young people. In this paper, I aim to (i) survey the existing literature on youth employment in the USA and Europe, (ii) examine the differences that come from adopting a subject‐centered approach, and (iii) discuss the implications of this shift for the future of youth labor literature.

"Social Research Methods by Example sharpens students' understanding of the research process and the essential methods and tools that researchers utilize to perform their work on the cutting edge of the social sciences. The authors break the textbook into two major sections, the first of which provides a foundation for conducting research and forming a research inquiry. The second section guides students through major types of social research, with each chapter's focus set on a different technique. Engaging and illustrative examples from real research are shown throughout to introduce students to key aspects of the process and make the material on methods more relatable and applicable to their own future projects. The new edition features updated examples across the chapters, reflecting new directions within the social sciences and both a diversity of voices and research output in recent years. The authors also expand their chapter overviews on surveys, interviews and focus groups, and multivariate analysis, and weave discussion of validity and ethical considerations more carefully into the fabric of each chapter's focus. Far more than an introduction to the principles of social science research, this book leaves students with the skills and the applied know-how to carry out their own. It is an excellent resource for methods courses across the social sciences"--

"Social Research Methods by Example sharpens students' understanding of the research process and the essential methods and tools that researchers utilize to perform their work on the cutting edge of the social sciences. The authors break the textbook into two major sections, the first of which provides a foundation for conducting research and forming a research inquiry. The second section guides students through major types of social research, with each chapter's focus set on a different technique. Engaging and illustrative examples from real research are shown throughout to introduce students to key aspects of the process and make the material on methods more relatable and applicable to their own future projects. The new edition features updated examples across the chapters, reflecting new directions within the social sciences and both a diversity of voices and research output in recent years. The authors also expand their chapter overviews on surveys, interviews and focus groups, and multivariate analysis, and weave discussion of validity and ethical considerations more carefully into the fabric of each chapter's focus. Far more than an introduction to the principles of social science research, this book leaves students with the skills and the applied know-how to carry out their own. It is an excellent resource for methods courses across the social sciences"--

Against all evidence to the contrary, American men have come to believe that the world is tilted – economically, socially, politically – against them. A majority of men across the political spectrum feel that they face some amount of discrimination because of their sex. The authors of Gender Threat look at what reasoning lies behind their belief and how they respond to it. Many feel that there is a limited set of socially accepted ways for men to express their gender identity, and when circumstances make it difficult or impossible for them to do so, they search for another outlet to compensate. Sometimes these behaviors are socially positive, such as placing a greater emphasis on fatherhood, but other times they can be maladaptive, as in the case of increased sexual harassment at work. These trends have emerged, notably, since the Great Recession of 2008-09. Drawing on multiple data sources, the authors find that the specter of threats to their gender identity has important implications for men's behavior. Importantly, younger men are more likely to turn to nontraditional compensatory behaviors, such as increased involvement in cooking, parenting, and community leadership, suggesting that the conception of masculinity is likely to change in the decades to come

Issues arising from the measurement of gender identity on surveys have received scant attention from survey methodologists. We make use of three studies (two in the US and one in Mexico) to look at the effects of asking about gender identity on downstream measurements of political party affiliation. In all three studies, we show a significant impact of priming respondents to think about gender identity on expressed political identity. In two of the studies, we also find conditional effects based on the predispositions of respondents, and we find throughout that these effects are much stronger for men than for women.