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Compensatory advantage is a mechanism of social stratification that complements cumulative advantage and path dependence. In this article, I first discuss the theoretical foundations of the compensatory advantage and path dependence mechanisms and the methodological challenges that complicate identification of their effects. Next, I present a practical demonstration of the use of the compensatory advantage theoretical framework, with a regression discontinuity design estimating the probability of being continuously promoted throughout primary education in France. Results indicate that students born just before the cutoff date for primary school entry, who are consequently the youngest in the class when starting school, face a larger risk of grade repetition. In line with theoretical predictions of the compensatory advantage model, the risk is much smaller for students born to highly educated parents compared to students whose parents have lower educational attainment.

In recent years the decline in fertility and the difficulties faced by individuals in having the desired number of children have gained growing attention in the academic and public debate. The aim of the present paper is twofold. The first is to scrutinize the rationale and the justification of public support for individual fertility choices. This means addressing the question of why low fertility should be a problem of public concern. This is crucial because, depending on the answer, one can identify how much the actual low level of fertility should increase and which groups of the population should be addressed. The second aim of the paper is to apply the general discussion of public policies and fertility to the Spanish case. Spain is the country where the 'child gap', i.e. the average difference between desired and actual children, is most acute. In 1995, the average desired number of children for women aged 18-49 years was about 2.2, while the observed total fertility rate was 1.2. Thus, the Spanish 'child gap' is, on average, around one child per woman. The analysis of the Spanish case will be divided into two steps. First, I will try to identify who is having fewer children than the desired number and review the different explanations of why this is happening. Second, I will examine various public policies related to fertility that have been implemented in other countries and discuss their efficacy and applicability in a country with a deeply different socio-economic structure, such as Spain.

Das Ziel des Beitrags ist es, die Effekte des Globalisierungsprozesses auf die Muster des Erwerbseintritts in den italienischen Arbeitsmarkt zu analysieren. Der Einfluss der Globalisierung auf den Erwerbseintritt wird dabei als indirekter Effekt untersucht, vermittelt durch zwei voneinander abhängige strukturelle Veränderungen, die den Arbeitsmarkt der OECD-Länder in den letzten 20 Jahren charakterisiert haben: erstens die Rekommodifikation der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse, womit ein Rückgang der Festanstellungen und die zunehmende Verbreitung von befristeten Verträgen, Ausbildungsverträgen und semi-unabhängigen Formen der Beschäftigung (als freie Mitarbeiter oder Berater) gemeint sind, und zweitens der Rückgang der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse im Produktionssektor. Globalisierung wird demnach als ein Prozess verstanden, der zur Transformation der Beschäftigungsstruktur und zur Umstrukturierung der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse in den OECD-Ländern beiträgt. Der Schwerpunkt der empirischen Analyse liegt auf den Konsequenzen dieses strukturellen Wandels für die soziale Ungleichheit, insbesondere auf der Frage, wie sich die zunehmende Flexibilität der Arbeitsverträge und der Rückgang der Zahl der Arbeitsplätze für ungelernte Arbeitskräfte im Produktionssektor auf die beruflichen Frühkarrieren im italienischen Arbeitsmarkt auswirken. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ein eher düsteres Szenario für die jüngste Kohorte der Berufsanfänger auf dem italienischen Arbeitsmarkt. Sie haben geringe Chancen, beim Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt einen festen Vertrag zu bekommen sowie geringere Chancen, einen befristeten Vertrag in eine Festanstellung zu transformieren. Darüber hinaus laufen sie eher Gefahr, schneller arbeitslos zu werden. (ICA2)

Das Ziel des Beitrags ist es, die Effekte des Globalisierungsprozesses auf die Muster des Erwerbseintritts in den italienischen Arbeitsmarkt zu analysieren. Der Einfluss der Globalisierung auf den Erwerbseintritt wird dabei als indirekter Effekt untersucht, vermittelt durch zwei voneinander abhängige strukturelle Veränderungen, die den Arbeitsmarkt der OECD-Länder in den letzten 20 Jahren charakterisiert haben: erstens die Rekommodifikation der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse, womit ein Rückgang der Festanstellungen und die zunehmende Verbreitung von befristeten Verträgen, Ausbildungsverträgen und semi-unabhängigen Formen der Beschäftigung (als freie Mitarbeiter oder Berater) gemeint sind, und zweitens der Rückgang der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse im Produktionssektor. Globalisierung wird demnach als ein Prozess verstanden, der zur Transformation der Beschäftigungsstruktur und zur Umstrukturierung der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse in den OECD-Ländern beiträgt. Der Schwerpunkt der empirischen Analyse liegt auf den Konsequenzen dieses strukturellen Wandels für die soziale Ungleichheit, insbesondere auf der Frage, wie sich die zunehmende Flexibilität der Arbeitsverträge und der Rückgang der Zahl der Arbeitsplätze für ungelernte Arbeitskräfte im Produktionssektor auf die beruflichen Frühkarrieren im italienischen Arbeitsmarkt auswirken. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ein eher düsteres Szenario für die jüngste Kohorte der Berufsanfänger auf dem italienischen Arbeitsmarkt. Sie haben geringe Chancen, beim Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt einen festen Vertrag zu bekommen sowie geringere Chancen, einen befristeten Vertrag in eine Festanstellung zu transformieren. Darüber hinaus laufen sie eher Gefahr, schneller arbeitslos zu werden. (ICA2). Die Untersuchung enthält quantitative Daten. Die Untersuchung bezieht sich auf den Zeitraum 1997 bis 1997.

Focusing on Italy, the chapter discusses wives' labor participation in terms of marital homogamy, family cycles & circumstances, & spousal status. Wives' employment transitions are also affected by premarital work experience, public child care resources, educational status, social "noncomformity" (eg, cohabitation), & maternal influence. Recent trends indicate an increasing labor-force polarization between continuously working women & those who have either never worked before or interrupted work due to family obligations. The data suggest three employment policy areas to encourage female labor participation: (1) integrating into the workforce the nearly 20% of Italian women who have never been employed; (2) retaining married women workers; & (3) assisting reentry. However, tending to the second matter, especially via public child care provision, may help obviate the very work interruptions that so often make reentry difficult. 3 Tables, 2 Figures, 1 Appendix, 47 References. K. Coddon

Front Matter -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface and acknowledgements -- 1. Introduction: education as the great equalizer: a theoretical framework -- 2. Inequality of educational returns in France: changes in the effect of education and social background on occupational careers -- 3. Legacies of the past: social origin, educational attainment and labour-market outcomes in Germany -- 4. Inequality in educational returns in Hungary -- 5. Changes in the stratification process in Israel, 1995-2008 -- 6. Social background and education in occupational attainment in Italy

This article expands the scope of comparative social stratification research in education to rapidly developing, largely low-income sub-Saharan Africa. First, we investigate trends in the association between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and children's chances to attend and complete primary education, exploring whether and where educational expansion of the early twenty-first century led to equalization of educational opportunities. Drawing on data from 153 Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (1990–2017) from 40 countries, findings indicate that inequality in attendance declined, but inequality in completing six grades largely persisted. Cross-country analyses reveal a large variation in inequality levels and trends. We explore the role of national contextual factors and find that underweight prevalence, fertility rates, school fees, public spending on education, and the ratio of pupils to teaching staff systematically explain variation in SES gaps across countries and cohorts. Findings underline the importance of absolute material deprivation and school teaching resources in the stratification of educational opportunities in this region.

First published online: 14 April 2021 ; Previous research has shown that seemingly irrelevant events such as unexpected outcomes in sporting events can affect mood and have relevant consequences for episodes of crime and violence, investing behavior and political preferences. In this article, we test whether mood shocks associated with unexpected results in soccer matches in Spain affect fertility. We use data on betting odds and actual scores to define mood shocks and link them to births by month and province in Spain, between 2001 and 2015. We find that unexpected losses of local teams lead to a small decrease in the number of births nine months thereafter. The effect is larger for more unexpected losses, in those provinces with the largest amount of support for the local team and robust to a number of placebo tests. We argue that these results are consistent with the gain–loss asymmetry predicted by prospect theory. ; This article was published Open Access with the support from the EUI Library through the CRUI - Springer Transformative Agreement (2020-2024)

In this article, first, we present new evidence on a specific type of compensatory advantage (CA) mechanism in educational transitions and attainment, whereby students from socio-economically advantaged families compensate the negative event of achieving poor grades by ignoring them and disproportionally moving on to the next level of education. Using two independent data sources, we focus on the attainment of an upper secondary degree and the transition from high school to university in Italy, investigating the role of parental education and social class in compensating for an early poor academic performance. Second, we develop a simulated scenario analysis to assess how much of the observed social background inequality is due to the educational outcomes of poorly performing students from high social backgrounds. The results are consistent with the notion that a CA mechanism is in place and show that the advantage of individuals with higher backgrounds over those from lower backgrounds is much larger among students with bad marks in earlier school stages. We estimate that at least one-third of the observed social background inequality in educational transitions in Italy can be attributed to the CA mechanism. This result is consistent across different outcomes, samples and birth cohorts, and is robust to a number of sensitivity checks.

Published: 31 July 2016 ; We use the British Cohort Study 1970 to show that the proportion of children achieving a tertiary education degree is 8 percentage points lower for the offspring of separated parents than for children from intact families. Moreover, the children of highly educated parents experience a two times larger 'separation penalty' than the children of less educated parents. We find a similar pattern of heterogeneity in effects for the likelihood of participation in academic education (A-Levels) beyond school leaving age but not for school grades at age 16. We test three different explanations for heterogeneity in the parental separation penalty: changes in family relations, changes in income, and negative selection into separation based on unobserved characteristics. We address the potential endogeneity of parental separation by including pre-separation observable characteristics, individual fixed effects models, and a placebo test. Our key finding is that changes in family income, but not those in family relations or selection, explain a large part of heterogeneity in the effects of parental separation. Children with more highly educated parents face a larger decline in family income if parents separate and, in addition, declines in family income of equal amounts entail more negative consequences for their educational attainment. ; This work was supported by funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for the research project Families and Societies (FP7/2007-2013 grant agreement no. 320116).