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The book is addressed to scholars and students in sociology and in phenomenological philosophy. It presents the work of Durkheim in a new light and discusses the prevailing interpretations in the collective intentionality approach. It also provides a fresh conception of collective consciousness which illuminates features unattended by the traditions initiated by John Searle, Dan Zahavi and the Center for Subjectivity Research, and the Nordic Society of Phenomenology. This lucidly written book is of interest to students and scholars researching Durkheim's, Husserl's and Schutz's works.

This book outlines, for the first time in its history, the program of phenomenological sociology as a science of the natural attitude of groups. The claim is that phenomenological sociology exists as a matter of fact in the long-held, pre-reflective practices of classical and contemporary social thinkers.

My aim is to depict Schutz's theory of topic relevance as his own distinctive phenomenology of consciousness. I will show that his conception of consciousness is elaborated from at least three types of elements. First, I will disclose Husserl's influence on Schutz in this matter. I will list a few Husserlian terms that Schutz takes into consideration such as noema, horizon, parts and wholes, attentional ray and passive synthesis. Second, I will show that Schutz turns to Gurwitsch's idea that consciousness is a field of experience where the previously listed elements are held together and find their relational meaning. Third, I will expose how all these elements taken from Husserl and Gurwitsch are reinterpreted by Schutz as being relative to relevance as a basic phenomenon of our mind's selective activity which puts at work different levels of our personality according to the schizophrenic ego hypothesis.

En este texto paso revista a las tesis de Alfred Schutz sobre el sentido común, reconstruyendo su posición en un doble sentido, genético y sistemático. En este marco, argumento que su posición va pasando de una consideración negativa del sentido común entendido como un modo de conocimiento distinto del conocimiento científico, de cuyas cualidades está desprovisto, a una consideración positiva, que hace de él no sólo el suelo de todo otro modo de conocimiento (incluido el científico) sino también nuestro arraigo en el mundo de la actitud natural. Esta transformación es correlativa de un pasaje desde una perspectiva más epistemológica hacia una perspectiva más ontológica, donde el sentido común pasa de ser considerado como un modo específico de conocimiento a ser visto como el ámbito de nuestro arraigo en el mundo y el suelo de toda consideración ontológica y científica.

While discussing a letter from Husserl to Lévy Brühl, Merleau-Ponty states that the eidetic of historydoes not deliver us from historical investigation. This conception has always been present in his work, and it has been modeled in different ways and composing combinations along his phenomenology, his philosophy of history, and his ontology. In each one of those stages he displays, respectively, a situationist, a structuralist, and a sensible conception of the essence. However, the exceedence of the lived respect to the thought things does not have to be interpreted as a defeat of the thought but as creation. ; Comentando una carta de Husserl a Lévy Brühl, Merleau-Ponty subraya que la eidética de la historia no nos dispensa de la investigación histórica. Esta concepción siempre ha estado presente en su obra, y se ha ido modelando de diferentes maneras y componiendo combinaciones variadas según va desarrollando su fenomenología, su filosofía de la historia, y su ontología. En cada uno de esos estadios presenta, respectivamente, una concepción situacionista, una concepción estructuralista, y una concepción sensible de la esencia. Sin embargo, la desmesura de lo vivido respecto de lo pensado no debe interpretarse como una derrota del pensamiento sino como creación.

Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Introduction -- References -- Part I: General Considerations on Macrophenomenology -- Macro Strata of the Social World: Institutions, Social Classes, and the State -- 1 The Oblivion of Macro Phenomenology in Contemporary Social Theory -- 2 Collective Entities as Anonymous Ideal Types -- 3 Social Institutions as Reified Patterns of Social Behavior -- 4 The State and Social Classes as Instantiations of Collective Entities -- 5 How Can Social Collectives Be Dealt With? Some Methodological Issues -- 6 The Symbolic Nature of Social Collectives -- 7 Institutions, Social Classes, and the State as Ideal Relations -- 8 Society as an Appresentational Apperception -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Macro-social Awareness in Everyday Life: Toward a Phenomenological Theory of Society -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Project of a Phenomenological Theory of Society -- The "Cultural Turn" and Its Radicalization as a Condition of Possibility -- A Phenomenologically Informed Theory of Society (Or Why We Need "Perspective Dualism") -- A Working Definition of Phenomenology (and Two Clarifications) -- Toward a Phenomenological Theory of Society -- 3 What Is It Like to Experience Modern Society? -- Two Obstacles to a Phenomenology of the Experience of Society -- What Is Modern Society? -- What Is It Like to Experience Society? -- Too Much to Handle: The "Exceedance" of the Macro-social Space -- 4 Cognitive Mapping as a Way to Overcome the Transcendence of Society -- Images of Society as Cognitive Maps -- What Is It Like to Map Society? Toward a Phenomenology of Cognitive Mapping -- The Transcendences of the Life-World -- Horizonal Awareness and the World as the "All-Encompassing Horizon" -- The Social World-Or Society in the First-Person Perspective -- Rounding Off the Picture: Cartographic Metaphors and the Problem of Relevance.

Introduction -- Part I General Considerations on Macrophenomenology -- Macro Strata of the Social World: Institutions, Social Classes, and the State -- Macro-social Awareness in Everyday Life: Toward a Phenomenological Theory of Society -- Part II Phenomenology and Politics -- Democracy as a Way of Being in the World: Responsivity as the Essence of the Common Good -- Phenomenology of Power: Reflections on Social Construction and Subjective Constitution -- Understanding Opinions: A Phenomenological Analysis -- Part III Phenomenology of Organizations and Institutions -- Some Reflections on a Phenomenology of Organizations -- Institutions, Imposed Relevances, and Creativity -- The Durable Dimensions of Social Institutions: A Generative Phenomenological Approach -- Part IV Phenomenology of Culture -- Cultural Integration: A Macrophenomenological Analysis -- Cultural Objects with or Without Cultural Difference? -- Part V Phenomenology of History -- Husserl's Views on Levels of History with Their Modes of Rationality, Self-Preservation, and Types of Social Organization -- History as Macro-phenomenon: Heidegger and Gadamer -- Dialectics and Contingency: Merleau-Ponty and the Historical Network -- Part VI Collective Personalities and Agency -- Supra-personal Agency: A Husserlian Approach to the Problem of Individual Responsibility in Relation to Collective Agency and Social Normativity -- Edmund Husserl and Alfred Schutz on Collective Personalities -- The Place of Imagination in the Sociology of Action: An Essay Drawing from Schutz -- Part VII Phenomenology of Digitalization -- The (Dis-)Entanglement of Knowledge and Experience in a Datafied Life-World -- The "Waste Land" of the Digitalized Life-World: Alfred Schutz's Contribution to a Theory of Digitalized Societies -- Part VIII Social Classes and Sociomaterial Structures -- Doing Phenomenology on Social Classes: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges and Possibilities -- Depragmatized Knowledge and Sociomaterial Structures: Illustration from Economics as a Province of Special Knowledge.

This Palgrave Handbook showcases how the phenomenological approach, especially but not only as developed by Alfred Schutz, can make important contributions to the theoretical analysis of macro-social phenomena such as the state, history, culture and interculturality, class relations and struggles, social movements and protests, capitalism, democracy, and digitalization processes. It gathers systematically and intellectual-historically oriented chapters that deal with these macro social phenomena from a phenomenological perspective. This handbook is mainly intended for a threefold audience: sociologists and social scientists at large both theoretically and empirically oriented , phenomenological sociologists, and phenomenological philosophers. This book includes chapters by international renowned specialists in social theory, phenomenological sociology, and phenomenology: Hartmut Rosa (University of Jena), Michael Barber (St. Louis University), Thomas Eberle (University of St. Gallen), Roberto Walton (Universidad de Buenos Aires), Jochen Dreher (University of Konstanz), Chung-Chi YU (National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan), and George Bondor (AI.I. Cuza University of Iasi, Romania), among others. Carlos Belvedere is Principal Researcher at the National Council for Technical and Scientific Research of Argentina (CONICET); Associate Professor of Sociology at the Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Associate Professor and former Chair of the Department of Philosophy at Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Argentina. He has authored several books and papers in the field of social phenomenology. He serves as associate editor in the journal Schutzian Research and as editorial board member of the journal Human Studies. He was co-chair of the Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences (SPHS) and currently is a member of the Executive Committee of the International Schutz Circle for Interpretive Social Science. Alexis Gros is Researcher at both the Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany, and the National Council for Technical and Scientific Research of Argentina (CONICET). He is also a lecturer at the University of Buenos Aires and the Friedrich Schiller University Jena. He has authored several papers on phenomenology, social theory, and Critical Theory. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation from 2019 to 2021. In 2020, he was awarded the Ilse Schutz Memorial Prize of The Alfred Schutz Circle for Interpretive Social Science. He is member of the Executive Committee of the Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences (SPHS) and is currently co-chair of the Contemporary Critical Theory Studies Group (GEteCC) at the University of Buenos Aires.

There is a broad consensus that the study of social institutions is one of the fundamental concerns of the social sciences. The idea that phenomenology has ignored this topic is also widely accepted. As against this view, the present paper aims at demonstrating that especially Schutzian phenomenology—that is, the social-phenomenological tradition started by Alfred Schutz and continued by Thomas Luckmann and Peter Berger, among others—provides rich insights on the nature and workings of social institutions that could contribute to enriching the current social-scientific debate on the issue. In order to show this, the authors attempt to unearth and systematically reconstruct Schutz's and Berger and Luckmann's insights on social institutions and to confront them with current approaches.