Suchergebnisse

The Constitution of the Republic of Albania sets down that the members of parliament must number 140, elected from multi-nominal electoral districts corresponding to the administrative division of the country and according to a proportional regional formula. In general, as elsewhere, the constitution does not reference the ratio between the number of members and the size of the population. However, members are representatives of the people and, as such, there is a direct relationship between the size of the population and the number of members of the representative body. This article starts from the idea that 25 years after the constitution's approval, it is time to reconsider the number of its members. The population is changing because of emigration and birth rates, and while emigrants are still part of electoral lists, the state has not given them the proper tools to exercise the right to vote. On the other hand, the proportional formula has created a lack of contact and confidence between representatives and the population. For this reason, the question addressed here is whether it is time to have fewer political representatives.

The totalitarian regime in Albania has been considered as one of the most rigid and isolated of the twentieth century, in the whole Eastern Europe from 1945 to 1991. Even though the isolationist ideology has been convenient to support the status-quo of the communist regime, it led to the social-economic crises, and consequently to the collapse of the communism. However, in order to understand the totalitarian ideology and the behavior of its leader Enver Hoxha, it is important to focus on the particular philosophical principles where the regime found the necessary base to legitimate itself. This specific totalitarian philosophy, in the Albanian post- communist literature, is known as "Enverism". Indeed, the totalitarian leader, tried to legitimate his totalitarian power by pretending and propagandizing that the Marxist-Leninist doctrine constituted the only pure truth, and the common good. In one hand, totalitarian leader tried to legitimate the suppression of any kind of resistance against the totalitarian project. On the other hand, the citizens obeyed to the regime, because they believed that this project would be the embodiment of the pure truth and the common good. This paper will analyze the Albanian dictatorship ideology as an instrument of legitimating. Therefore a strong base of study will be the communist literature that was used as a propaganda instrument. It is significant the fact that the Albanian dictator has published hundreds of books as an author and other hundreds have been published by the Institute of the Marxism Leninism Studies, that was an exclusive propaganda tool of the dictatorship. Through the methodology of the literature review, the paper will try to find out how the E. Hoxha and his oligarchy could justify the choice of communism, but which is more important, how could they stand this regime for almost a half century. In the end the paper will try to answer to the research question: was Enverism a peculiar product of some social, political and historical circumstances? DOI:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n16p500

SUMARIO: l. Introducción. - 2. La reforma del sistema electoral y la consecuente reforma del reglamento de la cámara. - 3. La praxis relativa a la constitución de los grupos parlamentarios. - 4. Las consecuencias sobre el Grupo Mixto. - 5. El origen y la evolución de las componenti politiche costituite nel Gruppo Misto. - 6. La importancia institucional de las componenti: sus derechos y sus fliiiciones según el reglamento de la cámara. - 7. La praxis tras la reforma de reglamento. - 8. El debate tras la modificación reglamentaria: perspectivas de reforma de la disciplina de los grupos parlamentarios. - 9. Conclusiones.

Over the past 30 years, post-earthquake emergency event management in Italy has far too often focused on the provision of temporary wooden housing modules to accommodate displaced residents transferred from their areas of origin to other places. This has led to losing sight of the central objective of resettlement in the areas of origin of the displaced population. Despite significant financial contributions allocated by the Central Government, unacceptable delays in reconstruction have almost always occurred. This study is aimed at providing a set of practical suggestions, to make it possible for the population to lead an acceptable "coexistence" with the seismic risk in the high hilly and mountainous areas. This paper also highlights some contents of the recent implementation urban plans (SUM Minimum Urban Structures), which are meant to serve as a dynamic tool for the revival of fragile areas. A few operational recommendations concern the criteria for the choice of the areas where temporary wooden housing modules are to be established in the transitional phase, near the city centre. Finally, the operational suggestions delivered by the study may provide an opportunity to raise the risk protection level and enhance the most important available resource: human capital.

Over the past 30 years, post-earthquake emergency event management in Italy has far too often focused on the provision of temporary wooden housing modules to accommodate displaced residents transferred from their areas of origin to other places. This has led to losing sight of the central objective of resettlement in the areas of origin of the displaced population. Despite significant financial contributions allocated by the Central Government, unacceptable delays in reconstruction have almost always occurred. This study is aimed at providing a set of practical suggestions, to make it possible for the population to lead an acceptable "coexistence" with the seismic risk in the high hilly and mountainous areas. This paper also highlights some contents of the recent implementation urban plans (SUM Minimum Urban Structures), which are meant to serve as a dynamic tool for the revival of fragile areas. A few operational recommendations concern the criteria for the choice of the areas where temporary wooden housing modules are to be established in the transitional phase, near the city centre. Finally, the operational suggestions delivered by the study may provide an opportunity to raise the risk protection level and enhance the most important available resource: human capital.