Suchergebnisse

How do intellectual propriety rights (IPRs) help firms profit from their innovation? Innovation literature frequently turns to patents to measure innovative IPR, but more recent work shifts focus to the other side of IPR, namely, trademarks. This article therefore discusses the effects of trademark strategies when companies decide to introduce their product portfolios in a new foreign market. Entrants might opt for a common trademark across different country markets (integration) or use several country-specific trademarks (responsiveness). This empirical study exploits the quasi-natural experiment created by the tariff shock that affected Spain when it joined the European Union in the 1990s. Data from the automotive industry reveal how non-European companies that already operated in other European countries sought to enter Spain rapidly, using various trademark strategies. The product portfolio characteristics are fixed at entry, so this study can specify how and when trademark responsiveness versus integration affects firm performance. The results reveal that trademark responsiveness increases firm performance if the firms suffer high liabilities of foreignness or newness. ; Martina Pasquini thanks the European Union support through the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant number 655676 financed by the Horizon 2020 program. Alicia Barroso thanks the Ramón Areces Foundation.

Germline protein truncating variants (PTVs) in the FANCM gene have been associated with a 2-4-fold increased breast cancer risk in case-control studies conducted in different European populations. However, the distribution and the frequency of FANCM PTVs in Europe have never been investigated. In the present study, we collected the data of 114 European female breast cancer cases with FANCM PTVs ascertained in 20 centers from 13 European countries. We identified 27 different FANCM PTVs. The p.Gln1701* PTV is the most common PTV in Northern Europe with a maximum frequency in Finland and a lower relative frequency in Southern Europe. On the contrary, p.Arg1931* seems to be the most common PTV in Southern Europe. We also showed that p.Arg658*, the third most common PTV, is more frequent in Central Europe, and p.Gln498Thrfs*7 is probably a founder variant from Lithuania. Of the 23 rare or unique FANCM PTVs, 15 have not been previously reported. We provide here the initial spectrum of FANCM PTVs in European breast cancer cases. ; This research was partially funded by Associazione Italiana Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC; IG2015 no.16732) to P. Peterlongo, a fellowship from Fondazione Umberto Veronesi to G. Figlioli and by the Italian Ministry of Health with Ricerca Corrente and 5x1000 funds. E. Tham is supported by Region Stockholm (ALF). The Czech study was supported by a grant of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic NV16-29959A. CNIO study was partially supported by projects PI16/00440 and PI19/00640, supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, cofunded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the Spanish Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) and BRIDGES project H2020. Financial support for GENESIS resource and genotyping was provided by the Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer (grants PRE05/DSL, PRE07/DSL, PRE11/NA), the French National Institute of Cancer (INCa grant No b2008-029/LL-LC) and the comprehensive cancer center SiRIC, (Site de Recherche Integree sur le Cancer: Grant INCa-DGOS-4654). HEBCS was funded by Helsinki University Hospital Research Fund, Sigrid Juselius Foundation, The cancer Society of Finland. A.Vega is supported by the Spanish Health Research Foundation, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) through Research Activity Intensification Program (contract grant numbers: INT15/00070, INT16/00154, INT17/00133), and through Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enferemdades Raras CIBERER (ACCI 2016: ER17P1AC7112/2018); Autonomous Government of Galicia (Consolidation and structuring program: IN607B), and by the Fundacion Mutua Madrilena (call 2018). This work was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1029974 and APP1074383) and by a Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative grant (number VR0182) on its Peak Computing Facility, an initiative of the Victorian Government. T.N-D is a Career Development Fellow of the National Breast Cancer Foundation (Australia, ECF-17-001). M.C.S. is a National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) Senior Research Fellow. The Hungarian Breast and Ovarian Cancer Study was supported by Hungarian Research Grants KTIA-OTKA CK-80745 and NKFI OTKA K-112228 to E. Olah. Lithuanian study was supported by The Research Council of Lithuania grant SEN18/2015 and P-MIP-20-25 to R. Janavicius. The ICO was supported by the Carlos III National Health Institute funded by FEDER funds-a way to build Europe-[PI16/00563, PI19/00553 and CIBERONC]; the Government of Catalonia [Pla estrategic de recerca i innovacio en salut (PERIS) Project MedPerCan, 2017SGR1282 and 2017SGR496]; and CERCA program. ; Sí