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Geomatics or Geography, that is the question! This is how the authors' idea of merging Geomatics and Geography in this special issue begins, paraphrasing a Shakespearean citation. The common principle that unites these two scientific disciplines, which attempt to describe the territory in the most straightforward way possible. On the other hand, Geomatics and Geography derived from "gèo- "[greek γεω-], as first element of composed words in learned and scientific terminology, meaning "earth", "globe", "land surface". Geography is the basis of all disciplines that study the territory, its characteristics and its changes over time. It includes the analysis of the forms of territorial and landscape organisation in their physicalenvironmental, economic and historical-cultural components and extends to skills related to the study of economic phenomena and political-administrative structures, population and settlement structures. The research has theoretical and applicative values that are functional to planning and programming, in an interdisciplinary dimension with regard to the study of resources, the use of space, the location of activities, innovation processes, as well as the repercussions on the urban and regional system with reference to the different territorial scales and the plurality of political and geopolitical scenarios. Of fundamental analytical support remains cartography, in particular thematic cartography, integrated with the construction of geographic information systems and multimedia imaging techniques. The fields of study include the various modes of human-environment interaction in terms of the territorial and landscape effects of general and site specific policies, geographical regionalisation, the distribution of settlements, the geography of productive sectors and financial flows, the network of intangible relations concerning production, the distribution of goods and resources, the spatial diffusion of innovation, territorial marketing techniques, reflection on the epistemological nature of the models used. Geomatic is a new neo-logism based on a disciplinary scientific content that concern the acquisition, restitution, analysis and management of data of metric or thematic nature relating to the Earth's surface, or portions of it, including the urban environment, infrastructures and architectural heritage, identified by their spatial position and qualified by the accuracy of the survey. The disciplines covered with Geomatic are geodesy (physical, geometric and spatial), survey, photogrammetry (aerial and terrestrial), cartography, remote sensing (spatial, aerial and terrestrial), navigation (spatial, aerial, maritime and terrestrial) and spatial information systems.

Historical cartography is an important source of geographic information for diachronic studies. The Italian geodetic datum from the second half of the 20th century are well known and used, while the reference systems used previously do not have a certain documentation also because they were developed by the military geographical institute, which at the time was a uniquely military body with the related problems of confidentiality. The reconstruction of the datum of each single historical map is a fundamental process, in order to be able to correctly compare historical information with the current ones, but it is complex because of the scarce information available on the type of datum and cartographic projection used for the production of the map. The reconstruction of the ancient morphology of an area, such as that of 1893 Forma urbis map or the pre-reclamation maps of Agro Pontino, is of fundamental importance for various studies on geomorphological changes of the territory, including, for example, the reconstruction of diverted and/or covered watercourses. Many of the Italian historical maps have been referred to the ellipsoid of Bessel with different orientations that in many cases are the same used previously or simultaneously for public purposes including, in particular, the drafting of the cadastral cartography.

Historical cartography is an important source of geographic information for diachronic studies. The Italian geodetic datum from the second half of the 20th century are well known and used, while the reference systems used previously do not have a certain documentation also because they were developed by the military geographical institute, which at the time was a uniquely military body with the related problems of confidentiality. The reconstruction of the datum of each single historical map is a fundamental process, in order to be able to correctly compare historical information with the current ones, but it is complex because of the scarce information available on the type of datum and cartographic projection used for the production of the map. The reconstruction of the ancient morphology of an area, such as that of 1893 Forma urbis map or the pre-reclamation maps of Agro Pontino, is of fundamental importance for various studies on geomorphological changes of the territory, including, for example, the reconstruction of diverted and/or covered watercourses. Many of the Italian historical maps have been referred to the ellipsoid of Bessel with different orientations that in many cases are the same used previously or simultaneously for public purposes including, in particular, the drafting of the cadastral cartography.

Historical cartography is an important source of geographic information for diachronic studies. The Italian geodetic datum from the second half of the 20th century are well known and used, while the reference systems used previously do not have a certain documentation also because they were developed by the military geographical institute, which at the time was a uniquely military body with the related problems of confidentiality.The reconstruction of the datum of each single historical map is a fundamental process, in order to be able to correctly compare historical information with the current ones, but it is complex because of the scarce information available on the type of datum and cartographic projection used for the production of the map.The reconstruction of the ancient morphology of an area, such as that of 1893 Forma urbis map or the pre-reclamation maps of Agro Pontino, is of fundamental importance for various studies on geomorphological changes of the territory, including, for example, the reconstruction of diverted and/or covered watercourses.Many of the Italian historical maps have been referred to the ellipsoid of Bessel with different orientations that in many cases are the same used previously or simultaneously for public purposes including, in particular, the drafting of the cadastral cartography.