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This book presents a theoretical framework to explain chronic inflation and hyperinflation. The roots of these two phenomenon are a fiscal monetary regime in which money issues finance the public deficit. Chronic inflation is modeled by using both the old and the new Keynesian model, with a different policy rule. Instead of using the Taylor rule, the central bank policy rule states that money is issued to finance the public deficit. The chronic inflation models take into account the fact that indexation mechanisms adjust prices and wages, yielding the inertial component of inflation. The dynamics of these models can be very unstable under parameter changes or shocks that hit the economy. The previous hyperinflation models surveyed in this book attempt to explain hyperinflation as a bubble phenomenon because they assume a constant real deficit financed by money. The mechanics of hyperinflation models in this book explains hyperinflation by a fiscal crisis, characterized by an increasing fiscal deficit. This fiscal crisis yields an intertemporal budget constraint that is not sustainable. The analysis of the pathology of hyperinflation uses the same tools employed to understand the pathologies of public debt and external debt crises. The hyperinflation model allows a taxonomy of hyperinflations, namely bubble, weak and strong, that can be tested with the inflation tax revenue curve.

This book presents a theoretical framework to explain chronic inflation and hyperinflation. The roots of these two phenomenon are a fiscal monetary regime in which money issues finance the public deficit. Chronic inflation is modeled by using both the old and the new Keynesian model, with a different policy rule. Instead of using the Taylor rule, the central bank policy rule states that money is issued to finance the public deficit. The chronic inflation models take into account the fact that indexation mechanisms adjust prices and wages, yielding the inertial component of inflation. The dynamics of these models can be very unstable under parameter changes or shocks that hit the economy. The previous hyperinflation models surveyed in this book attempt to explain hyperinflation as a bubble phenomenon because they assume a constant real deficit financed by money. The mechanics of hyperinflation models in this book explains hyperinflation by a fiscal crisis, characterized by an increasing fiscal deficit. This fiscal crisis yields an intertemporal budget constraint that is not sustainable. The analysis of the pathology of hyperinflation uses the same tools employed to understand the pathologies of public debt and external debt crises. The hyperinflation model allows a taxonomy of hyperinflations, namely bubble, weak and strong, that can be tested with the inflation tax revenue curve.

Este trabalho mostra que o quebra-cabeça da paridade do poder de compra é um artefato estatístico produzido pelo fato de que a taxa de câmbio real de equilíbrio de longo prazo não é constante, mas varia ao longo do tempo. Este fato implica que o coeficiente de inércia é viciado para cima.

This paper analyses the causes of the failure of Banco Nacional and the resolution method adopted by the Brazilian central bank. The program (PROER) designed by the central bank and its legal framework allowed the failed bank to buy "defaulted securities", financed by the central bank, and to use them as borrowing collateral. The paper also analyses the private and social costs of this bank failure. (Rev Econ Polit/GIGA)

This paper attempts to explain why the Brazilian inter-bank interest rate is so high compared with rates practiced by other emerging economies. The interplay between the markets for bank reserves and goverment securites feeds into the inter-bank rate the risk premium of the Brazilian public debt. (Rev Econ Polit/GIGA)

Um fato estilizado no comportamento dos bancos centrais consiste na suavização da taxa de juros, na qual o reajuste da taxa de juros depende de sua própria história recente. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as condições que o parâmetro de suavização tem de satisfazer a regra de política monetária estável. A análise é feita em dois modelos, num existe inércia da taxa de inflação e no outro a taxa de inflação pode mudar instantaneamente de valor. Abstract A stylized fact of central bank behavior is interest rate smoothing. This paper takes this fact as given and analyses the conditions that the smoothing parameter of the monetary policy rule has to attend for the model to be stable. This analysis is done in two models, one with inflation inertia and the other one with inflation rate as a jump variable.

RESUMO O Brasil vive uma hiperinflação, embora a moeda ainda não esteja morta. Mas para que qualquer plano de inflação e estabilização funcione, é preciso reconhecer que o processo é hiperinflacionário, não apenas inflacionário. Este artigo apresenta uma série de caminhos possíveis para superar essa situação, incluindo a necessidade de um ajuste fiscal permanente.

This workbook presents the answers to the exercises in Macroeconomic Theory, Fluctuations, Inflation and Growth in Closed and Open Economies by Fernando de Holanda Barbosa (2018). Altogether, there are 172 exercises in eleven chapters and three appendices. The organization of this workbook follows the organization of the main text. The first part deals with flexible price models, including the representative agent model, the overlapping generations model, and the Solow growth model. The second part covers sticky price models; both Keynesian and Neoclassical. The third part presents exercises on the government budget constraint and monetary theory issues. There are two types of exercises in this workbook. The first type provides the student with material to practice for a full understanding the subjects presented in the text. The second type covers topics that are not dealt with in the main text, but are included for the sake of completeness. These exercises are marked with an asterisk and can be solved using the tools presented in the corresponding textbook chapter or appendix. .