Suchergebnisse

Se analizan las acciones llevadas a cabo en España para abordar el bullying (maltrato entre iguales) desde diferentes ámbitos competenciales en aspectos de normativización, formación, divulgación, sensibilización, prevención e intervención. Igualmente se ponen de relieve las líneas de actuación preferentes en prevención e intervención en la comunidad educativa incidiendo en el compromiso y la coordinación entre el profesorado y las familias haciendo protagonista al alumnado como parte de la solución en la erradicación del bullying.El texto reflexiona sobre las claves de la educación moral en relación con los componentes que identifican el maltrato entre iguales (bullying), su abordaje escolar y las estrategias educativas necesarias para llevar a cabo el trabajo en los planos cognitivo, emocional y conductual con el alumnado por parte del profesorado y en colaboración y coordinación con las familias. ; The actions carried out in Spain are analyzed to approach the bullying from different areas in aspects of legislation, formation, spreading, awareness, prevention and intervention. Equally the preferential lines of action are emphasized in prevention and intervention in the school community affecting in the commitment and the coordination between the teachers and the families, making the students participate and cooperate in the solution as well as the facing of the bullying. The text examines about the keys of the moral education in relation with the components that identify the bullying, its coping with the skills and the necessary educational strategies to carry out the work in the cognitive, emotionally and behaviourally phases with the students on the part of the teachers and in collaboration and coordination with the families.

La informalidad, que involucra entre varios aspectos, el incumplimiento en el pago de impuestos, una escasa cobertura de los sistemas de seguridad social y limitado acceso al crédito; es un aspecto que afecta a los sistemas económicos y por ende a las condiciones de vida en la región. Esta distorsión del sistema económico, que se origina principalmente por las características del mercado laboral y la ausencia en la aplicación de normas regulatorias, representa un verdadero problema social para los Gobiernos, contracción de recursos financieros para el Fisco, espacio para la comercialización de productos de origen ilícito, competencia desleal para las empresas formales y un verdadero reto para los gestores de la Administración Tributaria. Los sistemas simplificados aplicados por varios países de la región, constituyen un mecanismo mediante el cual se contribuye a la formalización de las microempresas. La simplificación del sistema tributario facilita el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones tributarias, pero a la vez incorpora una mayor inequidad en la distribución de la carga fiscal. En este sentido, y como es la experiencia en varios países, los sistemas simplificados deben evolucionar en la medida que la sociedad va consolidando su cultura tributaria. ; Informality involving among several respects, the non-payment of taxes, low coverage of the social security systems and limited access to credit; is an aspect that affects economic systems and hence the living conditions of the region. This distortion of the economic system, which originates mainly by the characteristics of the labor market and the absence in the implementation of regulatory standards, it represents a real social problem for the governments, contracted financial resources for the it, space for marketing products of illicit origin, unfair competition for companies and a real challenge for managers of the Tax Administration. The simplified systems used by several countries in the region, are a mechanism through which contributes to the formation of micro-enterprises. Simplifying the tax system facilitates compliance with their tax obligations, but also incorporates greater inequity in the distribution of the tax burden. In this regard, as is the experience in several countries, simplified systems must evolve to the extent that the company will consolidate its culture tax.

One of the most significant parameters for seismic hazard assessment analyses is the fault slip rate. The combination of both geological (long-term) and geodetic (short-term) data offers a more complete characterization of the seismic potential of active faults. Moreover, geodetic data are also a helpful tool for the analysis of geodynamic processes. In this work, we present the results of a local GPS network from the Baza sub-Basin (SE Spain). This network, which includes six sites, was established in 2008 and has been observed for seven years. For the first time, we obtain short-term slip rates for the two active faults in this area. For the normal Baza Fault, we estimate slip rates ranging between 0.3 ± 0.3 mm/yr and 1.3 ± 0.4 mm/yr. For the strike-slip Galera Fault, we quantify the slip rate as 0.5 ± 0.3 mm/yr. Our GPS study shows a discrepancy for the Baza Fault between the short-term slip rates and previously reported long-term rates. This discrepancy indicates that the fault could be presently in a period with a displacement rate higher than the mean of the magnitude 6 seismic cycle. Moreover, the velocity vectors that we obtained also show the regional tectonic significance of the Baza Fault, as this structure accommodates one-third of the regional extension of the Central Betic Cordillera. Our GPS-related slip rates form the basis for future seismic hazard analysis in this area. Our results have further implications, as they indicate that the Baza and Galera Faults are kinematically coherent and they divide the Baza sub-Basin into two tectonic blocks. This points to a likely physical link between the Baza and Galera Faults; hence, a potential complex rupture involving both faults should be considered in future seismic hazard assessment studies. ; We acknowledge the comments of Editor Prof. Irina M. Artemieva and two anonymous reviewers, which significantly improved the quality of this paper. This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University (Research Projects: RTI2018-100737-BI00 and CGL2016-80687-R), the University of Alicante (Research Project: VIGROB053), the University of Jaén (PAIUJA 2019-2020 and Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 - call made by UJA 2018), the University of Granada (B-RNM-301-UGR18) and the Junta de Andalucía regional government (RNM148, RNM282, and RNM370 and P18-RT-3275 research groups). We thank all observers who collected the data of survey-mode GPS measurements.

Animal health surveillance enables the detection and control of animal diseases including zoonoses. Under the EU-FP7 project RISKSUR, a survey was conducted in 11 EU Member States and Switzerland to describe active surveillance components in 2011 managed by the public or private sector and identify gaps and opportunities. Information was collected about hazard, target population, geographical focus, legal obligation, management, surveillance design, risk-based sampling, and multi-hazard surveillance. Two countries were excluded due to incompleteness of data. Most of the 664 components targeted cattle (26·7%), pigs (17·5%) or poultry (16·0%). The most common surveillance objectives were demonstrating freedom from disease (43·8%) and case detection (26·8%). Over half of components applied risk-based sampling (57·1%), but mainly focused on a single population stratum (targeted risk-based) rather than differentiating between risk levels of different strata (stratified risk-based). About a third of components were multi-hazard (37·3%). Both risk-based sampling and multi-hazard surveillance were used more frequently in privately funded components. The study identified several gaps (e.g. lack of systematic documentation, inconsistent application of terminology) and opportunities (e.g. stratified risk-based sampling). The greater flexibility provided by the new EU Animal Health Law means that systematic evaluation of surveillance alternatives will be required to optimize cost-effectiveness.