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Abstract
Emotional competencies and affective disorders share common basic neuronal mechanisms. However, individual differences of behavioral and psychopathological signature are strongly shaped by cultural influences. In this review article, we compare four different clinical syndromes in Western societies and the Arab world each exemplifying a dysfunction of a distinct emotional capability comprising affective disorders with a prominent mood disturbance, anxiety disorders with fear dysregulation, autism with a prominent communication dysfunction, and borderline personality disorder as an example of emotional instability.