Suchergebnisse

Public administrations have in recent years developed programs of public funding for innovation to boost the competitiveness of business. The study of how companies have used these funding sources generates knowledge to improve the design of support for private innovation and to provide advice for innovative companies. This paper investigates these issues in the agri-food sector which is of particular interest as it is comprised mainly of small and medium enterprises with a wide regional presence and interaction with their local environment. A survey on technological innovation was used to estimate panel logit models with random effects, taking as dependent variables three types of funding: regional, state and European Union. The results generally show a positive relationship between innovation efforts and access to public funding, but also significant differences between types of funding and between sectors. Food companies that obtain public funding tend to have a more innovative profile than Agriculture ones. Both types of firm present higher probabilities than others companies when it comes to gaining access to regional funding, though the opposite often occurs in the case of state funding. Firm size is not significant for regional funding and no overlap was detected between regional and state funding. The financial crisis has adversely affected regional and national aid, which experienced a significant decrease in the period from 2008 to 2013.

Despite initial concerns of catastrophic outcomes, the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdown measures did not severely affect regional agriculture in Central Asia and the Caucasus. They did, however, affect food supply chains in terms of demand and logistics. Food prices were volatile throughout 2020 and particularly high in countries with currency depreciation. However, the on-going COVID-19 pandemic as a human and health crisis presents an ever increasing risk to the economies of Central Asia and the Caucasus. The global implications of the pandemic, combined with a decline in oil and gas exports and migrant remittances, could impede recovery and undermine economic stability in the region. Policymakers should avoid disrupting domestic food supply chains and placing barriers to trade through export bans and quotas. At the same time, they must ensure food security and reduced price volatility through diversified trade networks. Deeper domestic value chains and efficient management of public and private food stock reserves will better prepare countries to face the continuing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Better-informed and targeted policy responses to a pandemic require improved national systems of nutrition research and monitoring, and timely availability of data not only relating to production but also to other levels of the agrifood chain.

Despite initial concerns of catastrophic outcomes, the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdown measures did not severely affect regional agriculture in Central Asia and the Caucasus. They did, however, affect food supply chains in terms of demand and logistics. Food prices were volatile throughout 2020 and particularly high in countries with currency depreciation. However, the on-going COVID-19 pandemic as a human and health crisis presents an ever increasing risk to the economies of Central Asia and the Caucasus. The global implications of the pandemic, combined with a decline in oil and gas exports and migrant remittances, could impede recovery and undermine economic stability in the region. Policymakers should avoid disrupting domestic food supply chains and placing barriers to trade through export bans and quotas. At the same time, they must ensure food security and reduced price volatility through diversified trade networks. Deeper domestic value chains and efficient management of public and private food stock reserves will better prepare countries to face the continuing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Better-informed and targeted policy responses to a pandemic require improved national systems of nutrition research and monitoring, and timely availability of data not only relating to production but also to other levels of the agrifood chain.

Despite initial concerns of catastrophic outcomes, the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdown measures did not severely affect regional agriculture in Central Asia and the Caucasus. They did, however, affect food supply chains in terms of demand and logistics. Food prices were volatile throughout 2020 and particularly high in countries with currency depreciation. However, the on-going COVID-19 pandemic as a human and health crisis presents an ever increasing risk to the economies of Central Asia and the Caucasus. The global implications of the pandemic, combined with a decline in oil and gas exports and migrant remittances, could impede recovery and undermine economic stability in the region. Policymakers should avoid disrupting domestic food supply chains and placing barriers to trade through export bans and quotas. At the same time, they must ensure food security and reduced price volatility through diversified trade networks. Deeper domestic value chains and efficient management of public and private food stock reserves will better prepare countries to face the continuing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Better-informed and targeted policy responses to a pandemic require improved national systems of nutrition research and monitoring, and timely availability of data not only relating to production but also to other levels of the agrifood chain.

Несмотря на изначальные опасения по поводу катастрофических последствий, пандемия COVID-19 и связанные с ней карантинные меры не оказали существенного влияния на сельское хозяйство в регионах Центральной Азии и на Кавказе. Однако они повлияли на продовольственные производственно-сбыто-вые цепочки через спрос и логистику. Цены на продовольствие были нестабильными в течении всего 2020 года и особенно высокими в странах, где произошло обесценивание национальной валюты. Однако продолжающаяся пандемия COVID-19, представляющая собой гуманитарный кризис и кризис в области здравоохранения, несет все больший риск для экономики стран Центральной Азии и Кавказа. Последствия пандемии глобального масштаба в сочетании с сокращением экспорта нефти и газа и денежных переводов мигрантов могут препятствовать восстановлению и подорвать экономическую стабильность в регионе. Лицам, определяющим политику, следует избегать нарушения внутренних цепочек поставок продовольствия и создания торговых барьеров посредством запретов и квот на экспорт. В то же время они должны обеспечивать продовольственную безопасность и снижать волатильность цен за счет диверсифицикации торговых связей. Более глубокие внутренние цепочки создания стоимости и эффективное управление государственными и частными запасами продовольствия лучше подготовят страны к преодолению последствий продолжающейся пандемии. Для более обоснованных и целенаправленных правительственных мер по минимизации последствий пандемии необходимы усовершенствованные национальные системы исследований и мониторинга в области питания, а также своевременное наличие данных, касающихся не только производства, но и других звеньев агропродовольственной цепочки.

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El servicio de aseo urbano y domiciliario suele ser un servicio organizado por los municipios. Cuando observamos diferencias en nivel y calidad del servicio de aseo, entre países y entre municipios, debemos encontrar explicaciones relacionadas a la cantidad de recursos aplicada y la organización del servicio. Un método para detectar causas de deficiencias en el servicio de aseo, y fijar metas para un servicio mejor, es de llevar a cabo un benchmarking. La primera etapa de benchmarking contiene un diagnostico del servicio y de la demanda de calidad de la población, incluyendo una encuesta. Una segunda etapa puede involucrar un análisis teórico que puede indicar mejoramientos tecnológicos/logísticos y organizatorios/institucionales. También involucrará comparaciones con otros sitios donde el servicio de ase funciona mejor, representado la referencia competitiva (el benchmark) En este artículo mostramos un ejemplo de un benchmarking del servicio de aseo utilizando el cao de una ciudad turística dominicana. Hace unos años se llevó a cabo un diagnóstico comprensivo del servicio de aseo y recolección domiciliaria. Dentro de una realidad con datos inexistentes o inaccesibles, presentamos los métodos para calcular la producción de residuos sólidos, el nivel de recolección, el costo de recolección y la demanda de varios niveles de calidad, además de calificar la organización del servicio. Con esto procedemos a la identificación teórica de deficiencias en el servicio, poniendo hincapié en la institucionalidad. Al final proponemos mejores prácticas, indicando como estas podrían estar implementadas.

Introduction. The work environment is the activity that people carry out either as a duty or an activity dependent on the profession to cover their needs and desires, as the result of the interaction of motivational factors and salary. Target. Analyze the effects on employment in times of pandemic in MSMEs through an analysis of the strategies adopted by employers and the measures taken by the government. Methodology. The research design started from the positivist research paradigm, non-experimental and transectional field design with documentary support, descriptive research level, the population was 77,289 and the sample 471, the questionnaire instrument was used, it was validated by trial of experts with experience in the labor area and methodology, qualifying validity, clarity, coherence, and relevance. Results. The reasons for dismissing workers due to the presence of COVID-19 were 40.55% did not have to resort to this measure, however, the main causes for which personnel were dismissed 23.57% opted for untimely dismissal, 12.53% resigned, 11.04 % termination of employment contract, 5.52% termination of the job, 4.03% due to company liquidation, 2.76% took retirement. It was possible to show that there is a high percentage of people who ceased their functions due to the suppression of their activities, these measures were assumed by the business owners due to the temporary nature of the pandemic that resulted in large losses and casualties in the sale of its products and services, due to the temporary suspension of its activities, which led to countless layoffs and closure of companies. Conclution. The negative effects on the economic aspect that the pandemic brings, show that employment has been affected, by the increase in unemployment and underemployment, by the closure and reduction of wages and less access to social protection, however, the prompt The government's response mitigated this panorama through a series of public policies. ; Introducción. El ámbito laboral es la actividad que las personas realizan ya sea como deber o actividad dependiente de la profesión para cubrir sus necesidades y deseos, como el resultado de la interacción de factores de motivación y sueldo. Objetivo. Analizar los efectos sobre el empleo en época de pandemia en las Mipymes a través de un análisis de las estrategias adoptadas por los empleadores y las medidas tomadas por el gobierno. Metodología. El diseño de la investigación partió del paradigma de investigación positivista, diseño de campo no experimental y transeccional con apoyo documental, nivel de investigación descriptiva, la población fue 77.289 y la muestra 471, se utilizó el instrumento del cuestionario, el mismo fue validado mediante juicio de expertos con experiencia en el área laboral y metodología, calificando validez, claridad, coherencia, y relevancia. Resultados. Las razones de despido de trabajadores por la presencia del COVID-19, fueron 40.55% no tuvo que acudir a esta medida, sin embargo, las principales causas por las que se despidió personal 23.57% optó por el despido intempestivo, 12.53% renunció, 11.04% terminación de contrato de trabajo, 5.52% supresión del puesto de trabajo, 4.03% a causa de liquidación de la empresa, 2.76% se acogieron a la jubilación. Fue posible evidenciar que existe un alto porcentaje de personas que cesaron de sus funciones a causa de la supresión de sus actividades, estas medidas fueron asumidas por los dueños de los negocios a causa de la temporalidad de pandemia que resultó en grandes pérdidas y bajas en la venta de sus productos y servicios, por la suspensión temporal de sus actividades, lo cual desencadeno en un sinfín de despidos y cierre de las empresas. Conclusión. Los efectos negativos en el aspecto económico que acarrea la pandemia, exponen que el empleo se ha visto afectado, por el aumento del desempleo y el subempleo, por el cierre y reducción de salarios y menor acceso a la protección social, sin embargo, la pronta respuesta del gobierno atenúo este panorama mediante una serie de políticas públicas.