Suchergebnisse

Nuclear as a weapon of mass destruction cannot be separated from the world political agenda. Various international agreements as a control mechanism on this issue are followed by the establishment of some security regimes for nuclear weapons-free areas. One of them is South East Asia Nuclear Weapons Free Zone (SEANWFZ) in Southeast Asia. Established in 1995, the treaty was finally ratified by ten ASEAN member states. This paper examines the political history of why ASEAN member states were willing to ratify SEANWFZ. By using the constructivism approach, the study underlines that the aspects of ideas and shared concerns on regional security have become vision in encouraging the ratification of the treaty. Moreover, understanding the political history could give the explanation of contemporary significance of the treaty, mainly it is in line with the idea to prevent military exercise by great powers in the region.

This paper identifies the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI), the real effective exchange rate and the total labor force on the exports of Pakistan. A Double lag equation model for this investigation was developed in which FDI, exchange rate and labor force play a central role. The underlying conceptual framework of this paper reveals the positive impact of FDI and Labor force on exports of Pakistan while exchange rate shows negative impact. The distinguishing feature of this analysis is to encourage FDI and Effective Labor force which contribute to export development strategies of Pakistan. To estimate the long run and short run connection among the variables, yearly data for the period ranging from 1990-2016 have been analyzed by using Johanson Co-integration and Vector Error Correction model have been applied to determine the response of variables on each other. The result of this study shows that in the long run, FDI and Effective labor force play a vital role in the growth of Pakistan's exports while in the short run, the influence of exchange rate are very effective for the promotion of exports. It is recommended based on the study that Government should encourage FDI & TLF when developing the policy of trade.

As in most modern law countries, the State of Indonesia has a regulation regarding guarantees for religious rights and freedoms. This is implied in the constitution of the State of Indonesia, namely the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, precisely in Article 28 E paragraph (1) which reads "Everyone is free to embrace religion and worship according to his religion, choose education and teaching, choose work, choose citizenship, choose a place to live in the territory of the country and leave it, and have the right to return." Along with regulations related to religious freedom, the State also has a role in guaranteeing its people to be able to embrace their respective religions which has been stated in Article 29 Paragraph (2), namely "The State guarantees the independence of each resident to embrace their respective religions and to worship. according to his religion and belief." Although the guarantee of the right to freedom of religion has been regulated in the constitution of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, in its concretization there are still many obstacles and problems. Talking about the right to freedom of religion, there are interesting things to always talk about and it is hoped that there will be a solution in the future, namely related to acts of violence in the name of religion. Recently, the Indonesian people were shocked by the act of destroying the mosque belonging to the Ahmadiyah congregation by intolerance and radicalism, to be precise, on Friday, September 3, 2021, in Balai Harapan Village, Temunak District, Sintang Regency, West Kalimantan. Seeing the barbaric actions carried out by the intolerant, the government needs firmness in enforcing the law and mediating between the minority and the majority.

Covid-19 is a pandemic disease that has surpassed the global response capacity. At the beginning of the outbreak, numerous countries were unprepared to deal with the pandemic caused by the Covid-19 which has claimed numerous lives. As one of the world's most populous countries, Indonesia has been particularly hardly suffered by the Covid-19 pandemic. The worst-case scenario occured when Indonesia was struck by the Delta Variant's, a second Covid-19 wave. On the other hand, Indonesia has made significant progress in reducing the number of cases. Indonesia's government has invited all stakeholders from diverse backgrounds to work together to address the Covid-19 crisis. Indonesia has been demonstrating its rapid capability in overcoming the second wave. This paper examines how Collaborative Crisis Management has been used in Indonesia to control the pandemic.

Library in Indonesia is now facing a crisis of leadership where the leader of library is dominated by people who are not librarian. This condition is not in accordance with government regulation number 24, 2014 article 39. There are two assumption arouse regarding this issue, first is on the regulation on election of Head Library and the second one is on the librarian who doesn't have competence to be chosen as Head of Library. Seeing this phenomenon, it is important to study on what qualification and competence needed to be the head of library in Indonesia. Hopefully with this study, we will have the head of library who's having a good qualification and competence in the field. This study employ literature methodology, which studying literature on qualification and competence of Head of Library. The result is that the qualification for head of library in province and district is at least Bachelor degree of diploma with minimum 5 years of experience in the field of library. While head of national library or university library, the minimum educational background is at least master degree with 10 years of experience in library field. For the point on competence of head of library, there are no exact regulation to regulate this from The National Library Committee. From some concept, writer proposes four basic competence which the candidate should have, which are planning, decision making, communication, and giving motivation.

The research investigated the determinants of Pakistan's exports by using time series data from 1990-2016. Certain econometric tests were also applied to check cointegration among variables. A unit root test was used to check the stationarity of selected variables. After the stationarity of the data, a vector error correction model is used to estimate the effect of regressors, like foreign direct investment, gross domestic product, employment level, and consumption expenditures on a dependent variable, i.e. exports in the short run. The result shows the positive relationships that foreign direct investment, gross domestic product and employment level have on exports, and the adverse impact of consumption expenditures on the dependent variable. The study uses Johansen's cointegration test for the long run. The results show that all the variables are co-integrated in the long run. It is suggested that the government should encourage foreign direct investment and gross domestic product, which would help accelerate Pakistan's exports. It is also suggested that whenever policymakers provide a trade policy, in particular, in relation to exports, then the adverse effect of exchange rate depreciation, external debt burdens, taxes, sanctions and protectionism should be quantified, and necessary measures be suggested so as to minimize any repercussions.

The research investigated the determinants of Pakistan's exports by using time series data from 1990–2016. Certain econometric tests were also applied to check cointegration among variables. A unit root test was used to check the stationarity of selected variables. After the stationarity of the data, a vector error correction model is used to estimate the effect of regressors, like foreign direct investment, gross domestic product, employment level, and consumption expenditures on a dependent variable, i.e. exports in the short run. The result shows the positive relationships that foreign direct investment, gross domestic product and employment level have on exports, and the adverse impact of consumption expenditures on the dependent variable. The study uses Johansen's cointegration test for the long run. The results show that all the variables are co‑integrated in the long run. It is suggested that the government should encourage foreign direct investment and gross domestic product, which would help accelerate Pakistan's exports. It is also suggested that whenever policymakers provide a trade policy, in particular, in relation to exports, then the adverse effect of exchange rate depreciation, external debt burdens, taxes, sanctions and protectionism should be quantified, and necessary measures be suggested so as to minimize any repercussions. ; Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badania determinant eksportu Pakistanu, dokonanego przy wykorzystaniu danych szeregów czasowych z lat 1990–2016. Zastosowano również wybrane testy ekonometryczne w celu sprawdzenia kointegracji zmiennych. Do sprawdzenia stacjonarności wybranych zmiennych wykorzystano test pierwiastka jednostkowego. Po sprawdzeniu stacjonarności danych stosuje się model wektorowej korekty błędem w celu oszacowania wpływu regresorów, takich jak: bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne, produkt krajowy brutto, poziom zatrudnienia i wydatki konsumpcyjne, na zmienną zależną, tj. eksport, w krótkim okresie. Wynik badania pokazuje pozytywny wpływ bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych, produktu krajowego brutto i poziomu zatrudnienia na eksport oraz niekorzystny wpływ wydatków konsumpcyjnych na zmienną zależną. W badaniu wykorzystano test kointegracji Johansena dla długiego okresu. Wyniki testu wskazują, że w długim okresie wszystkie zmienne są skointegrowane. Sugeruje się, że rząd powinien wspierać bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne i wzrost produktu krajowego brutto, co przyczyniłoby się do wzrostu eksportu Pakistanu. Sugeruje się również aby prowadząc politykę handlową, w szczególności w odniesieniu do eksportu, zawsze ilościowo określać niekorzystny wpływ deprecjacji kursu walutowego, obciążenia długiem zewnętrznym, podatków, sankcji i protekcjonizmu, a także proponować niezbędne działania służące zminimalizowaniu możliwych negatywnych skutków.