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"This book explores the formation and evolution of Scandinavian central banks. It begins by defining the nature of 'central banking' in general, before moving on to investigate how and when it became meaningful to regard today's Scandinavian central banks as such. It also explores how Scandinavian central banks have conformed to the defined ideals of "central banks" over the last 100 years, clarifying the distinctions between commercial banks and central banks, and between central banks and departments of governments. The author shows how the outbreak of the Great War was the catalyst which fundamentally transformed the originally purely commercial banks into 'central banks'. The book also analyses how different the three Scandinavian central banks are, how these differences can be explained by the different political and economic circumstances surrounding their original formation, and the differences in the political environments in which they later developed."--

From the establishment of the first financial institutions to the latest bank rescues, this book traces the origins, development, regulation, and trajectory of the framework for capital market institutions and activities in the Nordic region. This evolution is examined from a broader comparative perspective, in the context of similar events and stages in Europe more widely. In so doing, it analyses some broader issues in economic history. For example, it demonstrates that there has been little difference between the balance sheet ratios of failed banks and surviving banks. Moreover, it is highly critical of the 'Basel II' accord and questions the widespread myth of the omnipotence of central banks. It also warns that overly tight regulation will not prevent future bank failures, and may even produce other and no less palatable problems. The book will appeal to everyone with an interest in the historical sociology of capitalism, as well as those wanting a handy reference guide on the history of finance in Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Finland.

AbstractNegotiations over real estate show that men secure better prices than women. However, gender differences decrease when improving controls for the property's value, and is eliminated when controlling for unobserved heterogeneity in a repeated-sales sample. Rather than evidence of differences in negotiation, price differences result from men and women demanding different properties. Consistently, we find no gender difference in sales prices secured for inherited property. Provided appropriate controls, men and women fare equally well when negotiating over real estate. Our study demonstrates that inference on gender differences in negotiation relies critically on controlling for the value of the negotiated item.