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Purpose: This study assessed the influence of state laws governing physical education (PE) on weekly PE class attendance among US high school students. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: 2003 to 2017 US national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). Participants: A total of 533 468 high school students. Measures: Data on state laws governing PE came from National Cancer Institute's Classification of Laws Associated with School Students (CLASS). Eight distinct state PE policies were scored, with higher scores denoting stronger laws. Analysis: Individual-level YRBS data were merged with CLASS data based on students' residential state and survey year. State fixed-effect negative binomial regressions were performed, adjusting for individual-level characteristics and YRBS survey design. Results: A 1-score increase in state laws governing PE class time, staffing for PE, joint use agreement for physical activity, assessment of health-related fitness, and PE curriculum was associated with an increase in weekly PE attendance by 0.30, 0.28, 0.22, 0.20, and 0.13 days ( P < .001), respectively. In contrast, a 1-score increase in state laws governing moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity time in PE, PE proficiency, and recess time was associated with a reduction in weekly PE attendance by 0.25, 0.15, and 0.09 days ( P < .001), respectively. The effects of most state PE policies on PE class attendance were larger among girls than boys. Conclusion: State PE policies differentially impacted US high school students' PE class attendance, with larger effects on female students.

A great deal of operational information exists in the form of text. Therefore, extracting operational information from unstructured military text is of great significance for assisting command decision making and operations. Military relation extraction is one of the main tasks of military information extraction, which aims at identifying the relation between two named entities from unstructured military texts. However, the traditional methods of extracting military relations cannot easily resolve problems such as inadequate manual features and inaccurate Chinese word segmentation in military fields, failing to make full use of symmetrical entity relations in military texts. With our approach, based on the pre-trained language model, we present a Chinese military relation extraction method, which combines the bi-directional gate recurrent unit (BiGRU) and multi-head attention mechanism (MHATT). More specifically, the conceptual foundation of our method lies in constructing an embedding layer and combining word embedding with position embedding, based on the pre-trained language model ; the output vectors of BiGRU neural networks are symmetrically spliced to learn the semantic features of context, and they fuse the multi-head attention mechanism to improve the ability of expressing semantic information. On the military text corpus that we have built, we conduct extensive experiments. We demonstrate the superiority of our method over the traditional non-attention model, attention model, and improved attention model, and the comprehensive evaluation value F1-score of the model is improved by about 4%.

Purpose: To examine the determinants and impacts of implementing the mitigation interventions to combat the COVID-19 disease in the United States during the first 5 weeks of the pandemic. Method: A content analysis identified nine types of mitigation interventions and the timing at which states enacted these strategies. A proportional hazard model, a multiple-event survival model, and a random-effect spatial error panel model in conjunction with a robust method analyzing zero-inflated and skewed outcomes were employed in the data analysis. Findings: Contradictory to the study hypothesis, states initially with a high COVID-19 prevalence rate enacted mitigation strategies slowly. Three mitigation strategies (nonessential business closure, large-gathering bans, and restaurant/bar limitations) showed positive impacts on reducing cumulative cases, new cases, and death rates across states. Conclusion: Some states may have missed optimal timing to implement mitigations. Swift implementation of mitigations is crucial. Reopening economy by fully lifting mitigation interventions is risky.

(1) Background: Undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency have been consistently linked to cognitive impairment among children and young adults. As a primary source of dietary animal protein, beef consumption holds the potential to improve diet quality and positively influence cognitive function. This study systematically reviewed evidence linking beef intake to cognition among children and young adults. (2) Methods: A literature search was conducted in seven electronic bibliographic databases for studies assessing the impact of beef consumption on cognition. (3) Results: We identified eight studies reporting results from five unique interventions. Two interventions were conducted in Kenya, two in the U.S. and one in four countries including Guatemala, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia. Only one intervention employed a non-feeding control arm and found beef consumption to improve cognitive abilities compared to the control. However, the other interventions comparing beef consumption to other food types found no consistent result. (4) Conclusions: Evidence pertaining to the impact of beef consumption on cognition remains limited due to the small and heterogeneous set of studies. Future research should adopt a population representative sample and longer follow-up period, employ a non-feeding control arm and comprehensively measure nutrient intakes among study participants.

(1) Background: Undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency have been consistently linked to cognitive impairment among children and young adults. As a primary source of dietary animal protein, beef consumption holds the potential to improve diet quality and positively influence cognitive function. This study systematically reviewed evidence linking beef intake to cognition among children and young adults. (2) Methods: A literature search was conducted in seven electronic bibliographic databases for studies assessing the impact of beef consumption on cognition. (3) Results: We identified eight studies reporting results from five unique interventions. Two interventions were conducted in Kenya, two in the U.S. and one in four countries including Guatemala, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia. Only one intervention employed a non-feeding control arm and found beef consumption to improve cognitive abilities compared to the control. However, the other interventions comparing beef consumption to other food types found no consistent result. (4) Conclusions: Evidence pertaining to the impact of beef consumption on cognition remains limited due to the small and heterogeneous set of studies. Future research should adopt a population representative sample and longer follow-up period, employ a non-feeding control arm and comprehensively measure nutrient intakes among study participants.

Yersinia enterocolitica is generally considered an important food-borne pathogen worldwide, especially in the European Union. A lytic Yersinia phage X1 (Viruses; dsDNA viruses, no RNA stage; Caudovirales; and Myoviridae) was isolated. Phage X1 showed a broad host range and could effectively lyse 27/51 Y. enterocolitica strains covering various serotypes that cause yersiniosis in humans and animals (such as serotype O3 and serotype O8). The genome of this phage was sequenced and analyzed. No toxin, antibiotic-resistance or lysogeny related modules were found in the genome of phage X1. Studies of phage stability confirmed that X1 had a high tolerance toward a broad range of temperatures (4–60°C) and pH values (4–11) for 1 h. The ability to resist harsh acidic conditions and enzymatic degradation in vitro demonstrated that phage X1 is suitable for oral administration, and in particular, that this phage can pass the stomach barrier and efficiently reach the intestine in vivo without losing infectious ability. The potential of this phage against Y. enterocolitica infection in vitro was studied. In animal experiments, a single oral administration of phage X1 at 6 h post infection was sufficient to eliminate Y. enterocolitica in 33.3% of mice (15/45). In addition, the number of Y. enterocolitica strains in the mice was also dramatically reduced to approximately 10(3) CFU/g after 18 h compared with 10(7) CFU/g in the mice without phage treatment. Treatment with phage X1 showed significant improvement by intestinal histopathologic observations. Moreover, proinflammatory cytokine levels (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). These results indicate that phage X1 is a promising candidate to control infection by Y. enterocolitica in vivo.