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Bovine hypodermosis (warble fly infestation) is a disease of cattle caused by flies whose larvae specifically parasitize cattle. This disease limits growth and milk production and seriously affects animal health. The results of studies conducted by INRAE and its partners have greatly contributed to the implementation of a program to eradicate hypodermosis in France. The disease has been totally under control since 2000.Bovine hypodermosis is caused by Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum, non-biting flies, whose larvae specifically parasitize cattle. They cross the skin, migrate into deep tissues over several months, reach the dorsal subcutaneous tissue, where they cause abscesses, and finally pierce the skin of the animal migrating into the external environment.These parasites cause general immunosuppression, limiting the growth of young cattle and reducing milk production in cows. Further, they cause carcasses to be peeled at slaughter, produce serious damage to hides, and adversely affect animal welfare.In the 1980s, INRAE, together with Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse and other partners, conducted an ambitious research program, which sought to establish the epidemiology of Hypoderma species and identify a systematic treatment of animals without endangering consumers, breeders and animals. These essential conditions for implementing an effective strategy for controlling hypodermosis were achieved by administering a microdose of ivermectin and developing an immunodiagnosis that can be used on a very large scale with hypodermine C.Following proof of concept, achieved through the deployment of a bovine hypodermosis control plan in Brittany and then in Burgundy, the national control plan was gradually implemented throughout France by the Ministry of Agriculture and stakeholders. Within three years of implementation, the plan has led to control of this parasitic disease, and indeed to the disappearance of clinical cases of warble fly infestation. Thus, the outcome of studies conducted by INRAE and its ...

Bovine hypodermosis (warble fly infestation) is a disease of cattle caused by flies whose larvae specifically parasitize cattle. This disease limits growth and milk production and seriously affects animal health. The results of studies conducted by INRAE and its partners have greatly contributed to the implementation of a program to eradicate hypodermosis in France. The disease has been totally under control since 2000.Bovine hypodermosis is caused by Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum, non-biting flies, whose larvae specifically parasitize cattle. They cross the skin, migrate into deep tissues over several months, reach the dorsal subcutaneous tissue, where they cause abscesses, and finally pierce the skin of the animal migrating into the external environment.These parasites cause general immunosuppression, limiting the growth of young cattle and reducing milk production in cows. Further, they cause carcasses to be peeled at slaughter, produce serious damage to hides, and adversely affect animal welfare.In the 1980s, INRAE, together with Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse and other partners, conducted an ambitious research program, which sought to establish the epidemiology of Hypoderma species and identify a systematic treatment of animals without endangering consumers, breeders and animals. These essential conditions for implementing an effective strategy for controlling hypodermosis were achieved by administering a microdose of ivermectin and developing an immunodiagnosis that can be used on a very large scale with hypodermine C.Following proof of concept, achieved through the deployment of a bovine hypodermosis control plan in Brittany and then in Burgundy, the national control plan was gradually implemented throughout France by the Ministry of Agriculture and stakeholders. Within three years of implementation, the plan has led to control of this parasitic disease, and indeed to the disappearance of clinical cases of warble fly infestation. Thus, the outcome of studies conducted by INRAE and its ...

Bovine hypodermosis (warble fly infestation) is a disease of cattle caused by flies whose larvae specifically parasitize cattle. This disease limits growth and milk production and seriously affects animal health. The results of studies conducted by INRAE and its partners have greatly contributed to the implementation of a program to eradicate hypodermosis in France. The disease has been totally under control since 2000.Bovine hypodermosis is caused by Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum, non-biting flies, whose larvae specifically parasitize cattle. They cross the skin, migrate into deep tissues over several months, reach the dorsal subcutaneous tissue, where they cause abscesses, and finally pierce the skin of the animal migrating into the external environment.These parasites cause general immunosuppression, limiting the growth of young cattle and reducing milk production in cows. Further, they cause carcasses to be peeled at slaughter, produce serious damage to hides, and adversely affect animal welfare.In the 1980s, INRAE, together with Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse and other partners, conducted an ambitious research program, which sought to establish the epidemiology of Hypoderma species and identify a systematic treatment of animals without endangering consumers, breeders and animals. These essential conditions for implementing an effective strategy for controlling hypodermosis were achieved by administering a microdose of ivermectin and developing an immunodiagnosis that can be used on a very large scale with hypodermine C.Following proof of concept, achieved through the deployment of a bovine hypodermosis control plan in Brittany and then in Burgundy, the national control plan was gradually implemented throughout France by the Ministry of Agriculture and stakeholders. Within three years of implementation, the plan has led to control of this parasitic disease, and indeed to the disappearance of clinical cases of warble fly infestation. Thus, the outcome of studies conducted by INRAE and its ...

Les nématodes sont des vers appelés aussi helminthes, et les antiparasitaires vermifuges sont des anthelminthiques. L'ivermectine (IVM) est avec ses analogues actuellement le médicament le plus utilisé au monde pour traiter les nématodes gastro-intestinaux chez les animaux d'élevage. Elle est aussi largement utilisée en médecine humaine. Son efficacité à très faible dose, sa rémanence (durée d'action), son spectre d'action élargi (également acaricide et insecticide), et sa faible toxicité chez l'hôte (mammifère), font de l'IVM un antiparasitaire révolutionnaire au moment de son lancement sur le marché des médicaments vétérinaires dans les années 80. Pour mettre en œuvre les traitements anthelminthiques avec l'IVM, on peut recourir à trois formes galéniques (présentations) différentes : la solution injectable par voie sous-cutanée (SC) ; le « Pour-On » (PO), liquide destiné à être appliqué (versé) sur toute la longueur du dos de l'animal, et passant théoriquement dans l'organisme par voie transcutanée ; et le bolus, sorte de gros comprimé conçu pour diffuser de façon prolongée dans l'estomac des ruminants (rumen). L'INRA et l'ENVT ont étudié et documenté les expositions internes et les éliminations fécales en IVM associées à ces formes galéniques, car ces connaissances sont indispensables pour répondre à des enjeux de santé publique en anticipant d'éventuels problèmes de sûreté (hygiène) alimentaire pour le consommateur, de toxicité pour l'animal et pour l'environnement, et d'efficacité (résistance des parasites). Ce programme a été réalisé en collaboration avec l'Université Paul Valéry de Montpellier, l'Université de Melbourne (Australie) et, pour les recommandations d'évolution réglementaire (AMM), la FDA (USA). En termes d'impact politique, les travaux de l'INRA sur l'IVM et les publications internationales ont été déclencheurs pour prendre en compte l'écotoxicologie et le comportement social des animaux (le PO devient une quasi voie orale par effet léchage) pour l'évaluation réglementaire des médicaments. ...

Les nématodes sont des vers appelés aussi helminthes, et les antiparasitaires vermifuges sont des anthelminthiques. L'ivermectine (IVM) est avec ses analogues actuellement le médicament le plus utilisé au monde pour traiter les nématodes gastro-intestinaux chez les animaux d'élevage. Elle est aussi largement utilisée en médecine humaine. Son efficacité à très faible dose, sa rémanence (durée d'action), son spectre d'action élargi (également acaricide et insecticide), et sa faible toxicité chez l'hôte (mammifère), font de l'IVM un antiparasitaire révolutionnaire au moment de son lancement sur le marché des médicaments vétérinaires dans les années 80. Pour mettre en œuvre les traitements anthelminthiques avec l'IVM, on peut recourir à trois formes galéniques (présentations) différentes : la solution injectable par voie sous-cutanée (SC) ; le « Pour-On » (PO), liquide destiné à être appliqué (versé) sur toute la longueur du dos de l'animal, et passant théoriquement dans l'organisme par voie transcutanée ; et le bolus, sorte de gros comprimé conçu pour diffuser de façon prolongée dans l'estomac des ruminants (rumen). L'INRA et l'ENVT ont étudié et documenté les expositions internes et les éliminations fécales en IVM associées à ces formes galéniques, car ces connaissances sont indispensables pour répondre à des enjeux de santé publique en anticipant d'éventuels problèmes de sûreté (hygiène) alimentaire pour le consommateur, de toxicité pour l'animal et pour l'environnement, et d'efficacité (résistance des parasites). Ce programme a été réalisé en collaboration avec l'Université Paul Valéry de Montpellier, l'Université de Melbourne (Australie) et, pour les recommandations d'évolution réglementaire (AMM), la FDA (USA). En termes d'impact politique, les travaux de l'INRA sur l'IVM et les publications internationales ont été déclencheurs pour prendre en compte l'écotoxicologie et le comportement social des animaux (le PO devient une quasi voie orale par effet léchage) pour l'évaluation réglementaire des médicaments. ...

International audience ; According to European Union recommendations, a test method has been developed to evaluate the effects of veterinary pharmaceuticals on dung feeding insects. This test method was evaluated with the dung beetle Aphodius constans by using fecal residues of ivermectin after a pour-on administration. Dung of different age (and thus containing different concentrations of ivermectin) as well as mixtures of highly-contaminated spiked dung with untreated control dung were studied in five test runs in two laboratories. The concentration of ivermectin (active substance; a.s.) in the dung samples was verified analytically. The main test endpoint was the survival of first instar larvae. The LC50 using dung directly obtained from treated cattle ranged from 470 to 692 g a.s. kg-1 dung (dry weight; d.w.) and 67 to 97 g a.s. kg-1 dung (fresh weight; f.w.). Using mixtures, the outcome of two tests was almost identical: 770 to 781 g a.s. kg-1 dung (d.w.); 109 to 132 g a.s. kg-1 dung (f.w.). In comparison to the LC50 values obtained when ivermectin was spiked in control dung at several concentrations (LC50 880-985 g a.s. kg-1 dung (d.w.)), the LC50 values were again very similar. Three conclusions can be drawn from these results. The proposed test method seems to be robust and allows for the initiation of an international validation process (including ringtesting). Because of only small differences found in tests in which the test substance was spiked into control dung and those in which dung from treated cattle was applied, the use of a standard test method is proposed. The effects of ivermectin on ecologically relevant dung beetles obtained in a standardised test method reflect the results from field studies and are in the range of environmentally relevant concentrations.

International audience ; According to European Union recommendations, a test method has been developed to evaluate the effects of veterinary pharmaceuticals on dung feeding insects. This test method was evaluated with the dung beetle Aphodius constans by using fecal residues of ivermectin after a pour-on administration. Dung of different age (and thus containing different concentrations of ivermectin) as well as mixtures of highly-contaminated spiked dung with untreated control dung were studied in five test runs in two laboratories. The concentration of ivermectin (active substance; a.s.) in the dung samples was verified analytically. The main test endpoint was the survival of first instar larvae. The LC$_{50}$ using dung directly obtained from treated cattle ranged from 470 to 692 $\mu $g a.s. kg$^{-1}$ dung (dry weight; d.w.) and 67 to 97 $\mu $g a.s. kg$^{-1}$ dung (fresh weight; f.w.). Using mixtures, the outcome of two tests was almost identical: 770 to 781 $\mu $g a.s. kg$^{-1}$ dung (d.w.); 109 to 132 $\mu $g a.s. kg$^{-1}$ dung (f.w.). In comparison to the LC$_{50}$ values obtained when ivermectin was spiked in control dung at several concentrations (LC$_{50}$ 880-985 $\mu $g a.s. kg$^{-1}$ dung (d.w.)), the LC$_{50}$ values were again very similar. Three conclusions can be drawn from these results. The proposed test method seems to be robust and allows for the initiation of an international validation process (including ringtesting). Because of only small differences found in tests in which the test substance was spiked into control dung and those in which dung from treated cattle was applied, the use of a standard test method is proposed. The effects of ivermectin on ecologically relevant dung beetles obtained in a standardised test method reflect the results from field studies and are in the range of environmentally relevant concentrations.

International audience ; According to European Union recommendations, a test method has been developed to evaluate the effects of veterinary pharmaceuticals on dung feeding insects. This test method was evaluated with the dung beetle Aphodius constans by using fecal residues of ivermectin after a pour-on administration. Dung of different age (and thus containing different concentrations of ivermectin) as well as mixtures of highly-contaminated spiked dung with untreated control dung were studied in five test runs in two laboratories. The concentration of ivermectin (active substance; a.s.) in the dung samples was verified analytically. The main test endpoint was the survival of first instar larvae. The LC50 using dung directly obtained from treated cattle ranged from 470 to 692 g a.s. kg-1 dung (dry weight; d.w.) and 67 to 97 g a.s. kg-1 dung (fresh weight; f.w.). Using mixtures, the outcome of two tests was almost identical: 770 to 781 g a.s. kg-1 dung (d.w.); 109 to 132 g a.s. kg-1 dung (f.w.). In comparison to the LC50 values obtained when ivermectin was spiked in control dung at several concentrations (LC50 880-985 g a.s. kg-1 dung (d.w.)), the LC50 values were again very similar. Three conclusions can be drawn from these results. The proposed test method seems to be robust and allows for the initiation of an international validation process (including ringtesting). Because of only small differences found in tests in which the test substance was spiked into control dung and those in which dung from treated cattle was applied, the use of a standard test method is proposed. The effects of ivermectin on ecologically relevant dung beetles obtained in a standardised test method reflect the results from field studies and are in the range of environmentally relevant concentrations.

International audience ; According to European Union recommendations, a test method has been developed to evaluate the effects of veterinary pharmaceuticals on dung feeding insects. This test method was evaluated with the dung beetle Aphodius constans by using fecal residues of ivermectin after a pour-on administration. Dung of different age (and thus containing different concentrations of ivermectin) as well as mixtures of highly-contaminated spiked dung with untreated control dung were studied in five test runs in two laboratories. The concentration of ivermectin (active substance; a.s.) in the dung samples was verified analytically. The main test endpoint was the survival of first instar larvae. The LC50 using dung directly obtained from treated cattle ranged from 470 to 692 g a.s. kg-1 dung (dry weight; d.w.) and 67 to 97 g a.s. kg-1 dung (fresh weight; f.w.). Using mixtures, the outcome of two tests was almost identical: 770 to 781 g a.s. kg-1 dung (d.w.); 109 to 132 g a.s. kg-1 dung (f.w.). In comparison to the LC50 values obtained when ivermectin was spiked in control dung at several concentrations (LC50 880-985 g a.s. kg-1 dung (d.w.)), the LC50 values were again very similar. Three conclusions can be drawn from these results. The proposed test method seems to be robust and allows for the initiation of an international validation process (including ringtesting). Because of only small differences found in tests in which the test substance was spiked into control dung and those in which dung from treated cattle was applied, the use of a standard test method is proposed. The effects of ivermectin on ecologically relevant dung beetles obtained in a standardised test method reflect the results from field studies and are in the range of environmentally relevant concentrations.

International audience ; According to European Union recommendations, a test method has been developed to evaluate the effects of veterinary pharmaceuticals on dung feeding insects. This test method was evaluated with the dung beetle Aphodius constans by using fecal residues of ivermectin after a pour-on administration. Dung of different age (and thus containing different concentrations of ivermectin) as well as mixtures of highly-contaminated spiked dung with untreated control dung were studied in five test runs in two laboratories. The concentration of ivermectin (active substance; a.s.) in the dung samples was verified analytically. The main test endpoint was the survival of first instar larvae. The LC50 using dung directly obtained from treated cattle ranged from 470 to 692 g a.s. kg-1 dung (dry weight; d.w.) and 67 to 97 g a.s. kg-1 dung (fresh weight; f.w.). Using mixtures, the outcome of two tests was almost identical: 770 to 781 g a.s. kg-1 dung (d.w.); 109 to 132 g a.s. kg-1 dung (f.w.). In comparison to the LC50 values obtained when ivermectin was spiked in control dung at several concentrations (LC50 880-985 g a.s. kg-1 dung (d.w.)), the LC50 values were again very similar. Three conclusions can be drawn from these results. The proposed test method seems to be robust and allows for the initiation of an international validation process (including ringtesting). Because of only small differences found in tests in which the test substance was spiked into control dung and those in which dung from treated cattle was applied, the use of a standard test method is proposed. The effects of ivermectin on ecologically relevant dung beetles obtained in a standardised test method reflect the results from field studies and are in the range of environmentally relevant concentrations.