Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Contents -- List of Images -- List of Figures -- List of Maps -- List of Tables -- List of Currencies and Measures -- List of Abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Part I FROM MORAL TO MARKET ECONOMIES -- Chapter 1 A Great Transformation? Karl Polanyi, E.P. Thompson and Michel Foucault -- Karl Polanyi: The disembedded market and fictitious commodities -- E.P. Thompson: The moral economy -- Michel Foucault: Disciplinary and security mechanisms and the birth of biopolitics -- A great transformation? Moral and market economies, disciplinary and security mechanisms and biopolitics of bread -- Part II BETWEEN MORAL AND MARKET ECONOMIES OF BREAD. ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE, 1770s-1860 -- Chapter 2 Institutions of Embeddedness -- Regulating people and places -- Regulating products: The assize -- Knowing and regulating nature and the market -- The just price of bread -- Chapter 3 The Municipal Landscape of Bread, 1790s-1859 -- Geographies -- Business structures -- Wheatification -- Competing circuits of bread provision -- Chapter 4 The Conquest of Cornucopia -- The fruits of cornucopia: Hard reds and the coming of 'good bread' -- Chapter 5 Reforming the Assize? -- 'Free competition is the magic phrase of our time' -- Total liberalization -- Conclusion -- Part III THE BREAD QUESTION, 1861-85 -- Chapter 6 A Free Market Landscape of Bread, 1860-80s -- Mobilization and continued diversification -- The hawker's question -- Chapter 7 The Bread Question -- The price of bread -- The bread question -- Standardizing bread - Again -- Marking bread -- Rediscovering the right price of bread -- The end of the bread question? -- Epilogue: The bread question solved -- Conclusion -- Conclusion Biopolitics of Bread -- Bibliography -- Index.

Historians especially of the 18th and 19th centuries have taken up the questions about the development and impacts of marketisation before the 20th century. The beginnings of an "economic turn", many historians agree that Reinhard Koselleck's Sattelzeit witnessed a great transformation when "alternative and irreconcilable views of human order – one based on mutuality, the other on competition – confronted each other between 1815 and 1850", as eminent E.P. Thompson prominently diagnosed. Concepts of a great socio-economic transformation and the end of a social-economic order based on a certain set of morals around the turn on the 18th to the 19th century have become eminent reading material among social and economic historians. These are inherently bound to the names Karl Polanyi and E.P. Thompson, probably among the most influential scholars addressing the historic formation of marketisation. Rather informed by E.P. Thompson than by Karl Polanyi, both food and the city have been at the centre of such investigations into the relation between market and society. 18th century urbanites across Europe defended a moral economy of food as E.P. Thompson and his disciples have highlighted. Building on Thompson's work and perceiving urban centres across both Europe and North America with their extensive market laws, regulated guild economies and quite frequent food riots as loci classici of moral-economy settings of the market, historians have paid great attention to the changing politics of food supply in agglomerations as diverse as Paris and New York City over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries in order to describe and analyse the impacts of market transformation. Attempting to understand the logics and judge the consequences of market liberalisation and the commodification of food, the international investigations underline how politics affected the residents' access to and supply with food in general and how changes in the manners of food market regulation shaped such conditions. Drawing on the research on other European and American cities as well as on the theoretical approaches presented by Karl Polanyi and E.P. Thompson, which are supplemented with works by Michel Foucault, this contribution analyses the transformation from moral to market economies of bread in Vienna between 1775 and 1885. The city of Vienna as the capital of the Holy Roman Empire until 1806 and later of the Austrian Empire provides a fruitful case study for several reasons. Besides the striking absence of Austrian cities from an otherwise rich international school of research, the Habsburg capital represented not only an important political hub in Central Europe; it was also among the largest cities of the continent and the most important economic centre of the Habsburg realm. Moreover, Vienna's drastic population growth represented a fierce challenge to meeting the food demands of quickly rising numbers of inhabitants. Indeed, not only that challenge was met with a decisive deregulation of both the imperial trade law and the urban supply system determined by guilds, market laws and the bread assize. Comparable to other cities, around the middle of the 19th century Vienna's urban economy was liberalised thoroughly from traditional limitations and regulations. Against that background, this book has several main tasks for the systematic analysis of the transition from moral to market economies of bread provisioning in Vienna between 1775 and 1885. My main aim is to investigate and trace such a transformation in the case of the Habsburg capital and to examine the effects the transition had on producing, selling, and buying food. ; Author Mag. Jonas M. Albrecht ; Dissertation Universität Linz 2021

Historians concerned with topics of urban, food, retail, and political history have long argued that ideals of political regulation decisively influence and shape urban food distribution systems in European and American cities. For example, researchers have been able to show that throughout the late 18th and mid-19th centuries, in cities like Paris, Mexico City, New York, and Manchester, surprisingly similar discussions were taking place about the regulation and liberalisation of bread and meat production, and their related distribution systems. The article engages with this international discussion by arguing that these debates represent a kind of "double movement" between regulated and self-regulated markets, as outlined by Karl Polanyi. It then raises the question of how urbanisation and political regulation affected the food supply system of the city of Vienna during the Vormärz period (1815–1847). By cartographically analysing the topographic development of bakers within and around the urban area, the article concludes that political-economic and demographic factors led to the creation of two distinctive, competing, and simultaneously complementary systems of bread supply during the first half of the 19th century. ; Historians concerned with topics of urban, food, retail, and political history have long argued that ideals of political regulation decisively influence and shape urban food distribution systems in European and American cities. For example, researchers have been able to show that throughout the late 18th and mid-19th centuries, in cities like Paris, Mexico City, New York, and Manchester, surprisingly similar discussions were taking place about the regulation and liberalisation of bread and meat production, and their related distribution systems. The article engages with this international discussion by arguing that these debates represent a kind of "double movement" between regulated and self-regulated markets, as outlined by Karl Polanyi. It then raises the question of how urbanisation and political regulation affected the food supply system of the city of Vienna during the Vormärz period (1815–1847). By cartographically analysing the topographic development of bakers within and around the urban area, the article concludes that political-economic and demographic factors led to the creation of two distinctive, competing, and simultaneously complementary systems of bread supply during the first half of the 19th century.