Suchergebnisse

The Problem of Identity Crime -- What is Identity? -- Identity Crime Framework and Model: Five Components of Identity Crime and the Different Illegal Methods of Acquiring and Using Identity Information and Documents -- Threat Agents and the Impact of Identity Crime -- International Trends in Addressing Identity Crime -- Identity Crime Legislation in the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom -- Identity Crime Prevention and Impact Minimization Strategy -- Privacy, Anonymity, and Identity Crime -- Convention on Identity Crime -- Conclusion

Self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) has become considerably common in developing countries, which is a critical factor for driving antibiotic resistance. Individuals involved in SMA generally do not have adequate knowledge regarding the appropriate use, indications and dosage of these drugs. The objective of the present study was to investigate population SMA practices, knowledge and sociodemographic factors associated with SMA in Islamabad, Pakistan. The study adopted a cross-sectional methodology and data collection was performed through an anonymous, structured and pilot-tested questionnaire, which was interview-administered. Inferential statistics and multivariate logistic regression were performed. Out of 480 participants, 55.6% (n = 267) were male with a mean age of 37.1 ± 10.1 years; the total prevalence of SMA was 32.5%. Ciprofloxacin (42.9%) was the most commonly used antibiotic to treat coughs or colds, a runny nose, flu or sore throat, diarrhea or fevers, which were relevant reasons for SMA. Findings from multivariate logistic regression showed that predictors of SMA were: male gender (95% CI: 0.383–1.005), age (95% CI: 0.317–0.953) and highest level of education (95% CI: 0.961–0.649). Despite reasonable access to healthcare facilities, people are still obtaining antibiotics without prescription, bypassing diagnostic and consultative healthcare services. Thus, the government must implement strict healthcare policies to restrict the sale of antibiotics without prescriptions, while at the same time, targeted public awareness campaigns about the proper use of antibiotics are also required.

The purpose of this article was to look into Saudi anti-fraud legislation and regulations in order to see how consistent the Kingdom's legal system, which is predominantly found on Islamic principles, is with a wide range of criminal and economic infractions. The main laws relating to fraud were described, and numerous types of fraud were examined, in order to attain this purpose. The discourse also necessitated an examination of the Islamic perspective on deception and fraud. The analysis revealed that Shariah law, which is concerned with property protection, incriminates and punishes individuals who obtain wealth by illegal methods, the nature of the sanctions, however, is left to the discretion of rulers and judges. Based on this, Saudi legislators have enacted a set of anti-fraud measures. These laws were examined to see how well they addressed economic crimes in the Kingdom. Anti-fraud legislation establishes a legal and regulatory framework compatible with Islamic Shariah for dealing with fraud and economic crimes, with the goal of protecting the public interest, maintaining integrity, and regulating the Kingdom's economy. The primary goal of this study is to explore the challenges and risks associated with enforcing anti-fraud laws in the context of Islamic justice principles. In this study, a descriptive research design was adopted. The key objective of this study is to determine the nature of the problem and analyze the evidence collected. Because of the lack of secondary data and the rigorous restrictions governing the reporting of fraud incidents in Saudi Arabian financial institutions. The study's hypotheses could not be tested substantively because all assumptions concerning the research findings are far-fetched.

The high profile fraud incidents have captured the attention of people around the world about the real cost of accounting fraud. The business world is undeniably brimmed with scams and frauds that removed illegitimately billions of dollars. With the increasing number of high-profile scandals, the topic of fraud has attracted unprecedented attention in recent history. The direct losses from fraud and the impact of fraud have grown significantly and simply too costly which conveniently cannot be overlooked. Accordingly, the implications for the global determination of fraud loss has gained ground and has risen to prominence during recent years. The present study aims to examine why it is crucial to measure economic crimes or fraud and how the figure of global fraud loss can be quantifiable. Assessing and identifying the scale of loss from fraud is an important first step toward building a strategy for combating fraud. Equally important to developing a methodology for the accurate measurement of fraud loss globally. This paper explores how a better measurement is critical to a properly designed and strategic response to fraud. Better measurement of global fraud loss can provide a benchmark for exercising anti-fraud strategies, how the programs and activities can work to advantage. How to overcome data quality of global fraud loss and how to ensure the accuracy in exercising the collection methodologies. The methodology applied in this study is a qualitative case study method. The qualitative approach is aimed to determine, define, and investigate research problems. There is no denying the truth that there is no consistent and robust measure across global jurisdictions for determining fraud loss and error. The objective of measuring global fraud and error can be accomplished by implementing and legislating a global standard. The proposed changes are being envisaged as a guide to a global standard to measure the global loss from fraud.