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Goal programming is an extension of linear programming. Suggests that, although linear programming is used widely in decision‐making processes, it has a major limitation which restricts the users of the technique to narrowing their problems to a single objective function. Goal programming was developed to handle problems with multiple objectives. Proposes that used properly, this technique can be excellent in strategic planning. Shows how the improper structure of a goal programming model induces misleading results.

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Online Hate and the Far-Right -- 1.2 Trolling, Bullying, and Hate on Social Media -- References -- 2 The Far-Right Online Communities and the Dissemination of Hate -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Far-Right Hate on Telegram -- 2.3 White Race Victimhood and Grievances -- 2.4 Minorities Are the Problem -- 2.5 The Kekistani Community on Social Media -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- 3 How Hashtags and Emojis Communicate Hate About Religions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Discussion -- 3.3 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Social Media Hate Against Female Journalists -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Analysis -- 4.3 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Conclusion -- Index.

"This book examines ISIS's media propaganda machine. The book focuses on case studies that have been largely under-studied in relation to ISIS's media production. Empirically, it offers new insights into how ISIS uses its media production to disseminate its extremist ideology by focusing on video games, educational apps, Dark Web sites, and offline billboards. The book argues that despite all the discussion about how ISIS has disappeared or even died, the terrorist group's daily activities on the Dark Web show that they are still thriving and disseminating their propaganda in more than 20 different languages, and effectively functioning as an international news organization. Using a mixed method research approach, the book offers a multilayered understanding of media content and fills a major gap in the literature, especially in relation to the use of educational apps and the Dark Web. This book will be of much interest to students of media and communication studies, terrorism and counter-terrorism, Middle Eastern politics and International Relations"--

Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: The Far-Right Online Communities and the Dissemination of Hate -- Chapter 3: How Hashtags and Emojis Communicate Hate About Religions -- Chapter 4: Social Media Hate Against Female Journalists -- Chapter 5: Conclusion.

Cyber Wars in the Middle East argues that hacking is a form of online political disruption whose influence flows vertically in two directions (top-bottom or bottom-up) or horizontally. These hacking activities are performed along three political dimensions: international, regional, and local. Author Ahmed Al-Rawi argues that political hacking is an aggressive and militant form of public communication employed by tech-savvy individuals, regardless of their affiliations, in order to influence politics and policies. Kenneth Waltz's structural realism theory is linked to this argument as it provides a relevant framework to explain why nation-states employ cyber tools against each other. On the one hand, nation-states as well as their affiliated hacking groups like cyber warriors employ hacking as offensive and defensive tools in connection to the cyber activity or inactivity of other nation-states, such as the role of Russian Trolls disseminating disinformation on social media during the US 2016 presidential election. This is regarded as a horizontal flow of political disruption. Sometimes, nation-states, like the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain, use hacking and surveillance tactics as a vertical flow (top-bottom) form of online political disruption by targeting their own citizens due to their oppositional or activists political views. On the other hand, regular hackers who are often politically independent practice a form of bottom-top political disruption to address issues related to the internal politics of their respective nation-states such as the case of a number of Iraqi, Saudi, and Algerian hackers. In some cases, other hackers target ordinary citizens to express opposition to their political or ideological views which is regarded as a horizontal form of online political disruption.This book is the first of its kind to shine a light on many ways that governments and hackers are perpetrating cyber attacks in the Middle East and beyond, and to show the ripple effect of these attacks.

News 2.0 and new technologies -- Social networking sites and news -- Fake news discourse on SNS vs. MSM -- Social media audiences -- Viral news on social media -- Celebrity journalists 2.0 and branding -- Who is breaking news on social media? -- Mobile news apps as ethnic mediascapes.

"Following the Arab Spring events in 2011, a number of important women's social movements as well as female figures and online communities emerged to create positive change and demand equality with men. In Women's Activism and New Media in the Arab World author Ahmed Al-Rawi discusses and maps out new feminist movements, organizations, and trends, assessing the influence of new media technologies on them and the impact of both on the values and culture of the Middle East. Due to the participation of many women in the events of the Arab Spring, he argues, a new image of Middle Eastern women has emerged in the West. As a result of social media, women have generally become more effective in expressing their views and better connected with each other, yet at the same time some women have been inhibited since many conservative circles use these new technologies to maintain their power. Overall, however, Al-Rawi argues that social media and new mobile technologies are assisting in creating changes that are predominately positive. Often assisted by these new technologies, the real change makers are women who have clear agencies and high hopes and aspirations to create a better future for themselves"--

This book offers empirical insight into the way Muslims reacted online towards various controversial issues related to Islam. The book examines four cases studies: The Muhammed's cartoons, the burning of the Quran controversies, Fitna and the Innocence of Muslims' films. The issues of online religion, social movements and extremism are discussed, as many of the cases in question created both uproar and unity among many YouTubers. These case studies - in some instances - led to the expression of extremist views by some users, and the volume argues that they helped contribute to the growth of extremism due to the utilization of these events by some terrorist groups in order to recruit new members. In the concluding chapter, social network and sentiment analyses are presented in order to investigate all the collected comments and videos, while a critical discussion of freedom of expression and hate speech is offered, with special regards to the growing online influence of far right groups and their role in on-going YouTube debates

A historical survey of the Iraqi media from its beginning up to the present day, focusing on the post-2003 media scene and the political and societal divisions that occurred in Iraq after US-led occupation. Investigates the nature of the media outlets and offers an analysis of the way Iraqi satellite channels covered the 2010 general elections.

This article traces the influence of the Arab Spring on Iraq as activists staged fervent protests against corruption, sectarianism, and favoritism that largely characterize Nouri Maliki's government. A group of young Iraqi intellectuals, journalists, students, government employees, and unemployed youth posted their plan to organize demonstrations against the government with the use of social media in February 2011. This study investigates the use of Facebook and YouTube that bypassed the government's attempt to limit the coverage of these protests. Indeed, the events during the Arab Spring in Iraq crossed the sectarian lines and united different Iraqis against the Shiite-dominated government. The five most popular Facebook pages are examined together with over 806 YouTube clips that are related to the Iraqi Arab Spring and their 2839 comments. The study revealed that young Iraqi males aged between 25-30 were the most active vloggers, while those aged between 20-24 were the most active commentators during the protests. Further, the study showed that other Iraqis living in the Diaspora especially in the United States and Canada played an important role by posting YouTube clips and comments. Also, there was a great gender disparity since Iraqi male users surpassed females in the number of video clips and comments posted.