Suchergebnisse

The responsiveness of farm entrepreneurs to changes in
agricultural prices, even in a traditional agrarian setting, is well
established. Research on Pakistan's agriculture by Afzal [1], and Gotsch
and Falcon, [6] have shown that the response of farm producers to prices
is positive and rational, and that they allocate their resources to crop
and livestock activities under the influence of prices and other
relevant economic parameters instead of being guided by sheer
traditions. Desired development objectives in the farm sector can,
therefore, be realized through judicious manipulation of the prices of
farm pro¬ducts and farm inputs. Policy makers have quite a few options
to obtain desired changes in agricultural prices. These options range
from direct intervention in the marketing of agricultural produce and
supplies, to price fixation, international trade regulation, and the
like.

In the Spring 1976 issue of the Pakistan Development Review,
Chaudhry and Javed [2] had estimated a demand function for fertilizer in
Pakistan. Based on these findings, they make a case for a 20.26 percent
per year increase in fertilizer prices. This short note points out some
errors in the analysis and raises serious questions relating to the
implications drawn by Chaudhry and Javed for the fertilizer price policy
in Pakistan. Section I argues that some conclusions drawn in the study
are internally inconsistent. Section II points out deficiencies in the
derivations of the main conclusions. Section III questtions the
appropriateness of the fertilizer price policy suggested by Chaudhry and
Javed. The final section sums up the main argument of the present
study.

SummaryThis study examines the relationships between consanguineous marriages and marriage payment, using data from two Muslim qaums living in urban and rural areas in Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh, North India. Qaum and locality were found to have no significant association with the dowry system. Marriage payment is less common in consanguineous than in non-consanguineous marriages. However, the association between marriage payment and the type of marriage is significant at p<0·001. The dowry system is more prevalent among the higher socioeconomic groups, while the bride-wealth system is more common among the lower socioeconomic groups.

For working out appropriate strategies and action programmes
in order to fully utilize human resources for development and to advance
the role and the status of women in society, it is essential that the
statistical data collected on female participation in economic activity
should reflect their position adequately and accurately in all the
relevant sectors. In Pakistan, and other developing countries, the
rural-agricultural segments, in the overall population have a large
number of female workers who, directly and indirectly, contribute to
agriculture, household and other unregistered rural activities.
Similarly, in the urban organized sector, the work participation rate of
women has registered a constant increase as a result of the social,
economic and cultural changes which are taking place in these countries
due to their development programmes.

The recent literature on the theory of tariffs and trade
restrictions has emphasized the optimality of free trade policies for
both developed and develop¬ing countries. There are exceptional cases in
which trade restrictions can be justified—when, for example, a country
has monopoly power in trade or when certain "second-best" conditions are
met.1 In general, however, it is believed that a country which imposes
restrictions on its trade suffers a decline in real income. A number of
studies for both developed and developing countries have estimated the
economic benefits that would accrue to these countries from the
elimination of all trade restrictions.* The purpose of this paper is to
provide a method for measuring the economic benefits that a country
would receive as the result of the elimination of a country-specific
restriction while maintaining all restrictions applying to commodities.
Methods of measuring the static gains to a country removing commodity
restrictions are already well known and need no further elaboration. The
elimination of a country-specific restriction on trade, however,
presents a slightly different problem of measurement since the
liberalization may affect only one portion of the country's trade and
give rise to foreign exchange savings as well as the familiar gains from
reduced producers' inefficiency and increased consumers'
surplus.

Machine generated contents note: Part One: 1947-1954 -- 1. Struggle for Survival -- 2. Consolidation -- 3. Democratic Process: Strains and Stresses -- 4. The Institutional Imbalance -- Part Two: 1954-1958 -- 5. Consensus by Command -- 6. Beginning of Coalition Governments -- 7. Confronting the Basic Issues -- 8. Termination of the Democratic Process -- Part Three: 1958-1969 -- 9. The First Martial Law Regime -- 10. Controlled Politics, Economic Development, -- and 'Bilateralism' -- 11. Elections, War, and the Tashkent Declaration -- 12. Downfall of the Ayub Regime -- Part Four: 1969-1971 -- 13. The Second Martial Law Regime -- 14. The General Elections, 1970 -- 15. Parties, Negotiations, and the Deadlock -- 16. Crisis, War, and Break-Up -- Bibliography -- Index

BACKGROUND: Somalia has been without an effective government since the collapse of the military regime in 1991. Years of conflict, disasters, and insecurity have all contributed to very low scores for most health indicators due to poor governance, protracted conflict, underdevelopment, economic decline, poverty, social and gender inequality, and environmental degradation. The three-decade long protracted conflict has led to widespread psychosocial trauma, social deprivation and substance abuse with devastating consequences on mental health. A WHO study showed Somalia has one of the highest rates of mental illness in the world. The main aim of this study is to assist policy makers in setting priorities for the design and delivery of interventions to promote mental health and psychosocial wellbeing in Somalia. METHODS: The study uses a systematic mapping technique (from January 1991 to May 2020) and data collected from public domain, to collect, collate, and present mental health data mainly from WHO's Global Health Observatory. Since there is no primary database for Somalia's public health research, the bibliographic databases used for mental health in this study included Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. Data were extracted using techniques for web data mining for public health. RESULTS: Systematic mapping of mental health-related issues in Somalia showed that policy-related determinants and mental health services dominated (74.4%), followed by the disaster-related determinants and women's health consequences (39.3%). The ratio of the number of beds for mental health in general hospitals (per 100,000 population) in Somalia in 2017 is 0.5 compared to the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) at 6.4 and globally at 24. One of the biggest casualties of the civil war was loss of essential human resources in healthcare as most either fled the country or were part of the victims of the war. CONCLUSIONS: The vast scale of the mental health problems in Somalia and the priority setting guidelines for ...