"If you or I locked someone in a room for years at a time, it would be a serious crime. Yet governments regularly confine people against their will. Why is it a vicious legal and moral wrong when you or I forcibly confine someone but generally lauded when the state locks up criminal offenders? Punishment theorists have struggled for centuries to give a satisfactory answer. When theorists try to answer, they usually address criminal justice under abstract, idealized conditions that assume away moral and empirical uncertainty. But we don't have time to wait for a perfect moral theory, and the history of philosophy suggests we will never find it"--
Over ten million people are incarcerated throughout the world, even though punishment theorists have struggled for centuries to morally justify the practice. Theorists usually address criminal justice under abstract, idealized conditions that assume away real-world uncertainty. We don't have time, however, to wait for a perfect moral theory, and the history of philosophy suggests we will never find it. 'Punishment for the Greater Good' examines the justification of punishment in the here and now, recognizing that we lack certainty about matters of both fact and value.
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Cover -- Contents -- List of Figures and Tables -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Rumors in the Political World -- 3. The Roots of Rumor Belief -- 4. Can We Correct Rumors? -- 5. Rumors and Misinformation in the Time of Trump -- 6. The Role of Political Elites -- 7. Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.
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"Rumors and the misinformation they spread play an important role in American politics-and a dangerous one with direct consequences, such as wrecking trust in government, promoting hostility toward truth-finding, and swaying public opinion on otherwise popular policies. One only has to look at the rate of vaccination in the United States or peruse internet forums discussing the 2020 election to see lasting effects. How can democracy work if there is a persistence of widely held misinformation? In Political Rumors: Why We Accept Misinformation and How to Fight It, Adam Berinsky explains why incredulous and discredited stories about politicians and policies grab the public's attention and who is most likely to believe these stories and act on them. For instance, he shows that rather than a small set of people believing a lot of conspiracies, a lot of people believe some conspiracies; he also demonstrates that partisans are more likely to believe false rumors about the opposing party. Pulling from a wealth of social science work, and from his own original data, the author shows who believes political rumors, and why-and establishes how democracy is threatened when citizens base their political decision-making on the content of political rumors. While acknowledging that there is no one magical solution to the problem of misinformation, Berinsky explores strategies that can work to combat false information, such as targeting uncertain citizens rather than "true believers," and focusing on who is delivering the message ("neutral" third parties are often ineffective). Ultimately, though, the only long-term solution is for misinformation tactics to be disincentivized from the political elites and opinion leaders who dominate political discussion"--
"Rumors and the misinformation they spread play an important role in American politics-and a dangerous one with direct consequences, such as wrecking trust in government, promoting hostility toward truth-finding, and swaying public opinion on otherwise popular policies. One only has to look at the rate of vaccination in the United States or peruse internet forums discussing the 2020 election to see lasting effects. How can democracy work if there is a persistence of widely held misinformation? In Political Rumors: Why We Accept Misinformation and How to Fight It, Adam Berinsky explains why incredulous and discredited stories about politicians and policies grab the public's attention and who is most likely to believe these stories and act on them. For instance, he shows that rather than a small set of people believing a lot of conspiracies, a lot of people believe some conspiracies; he also demonstrates that partisans are more likely to believe false rumors about the opposing party. Pulling from a wealth of social science work, and from his own original data, the author shows who believes political rumors, and why-and establishes how democracy is threatened when citizens base their political decision-making on the content of political rumors. While acknowledging that there is no one magical solution to the problem of misinformation, Berinsky explores strategies that can work to combat false information, such as targeting uncertain citizens rather than "true believers," and focusing on who is delivering the message ("neutral" third parties are often ineffective). Ultimately, though, the only long-term solution is for misinformation tactics to be disincentivized from the political elites and opinion leaders who dominate political discussion"--
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"Adam Graves presents a new framework for understanding the importance of the concept of revelation in the development of phenomenology while also charting a path towards a more fruitful understanding of the relationship between reason and revelation, one that is rooted in a deeper appreciation of the complexities of our linguistic inheritance"--
Introduction and overview / Adam Berinsky -- The practice of survey research : changes and challenges / D. Sunshine Hillygus -- Citizen competence and democratic governance / Martin Gilens -- Ideology and public opinion / Christopher Federico -- Affective polarization or hostility across the party divide : an overview / Shanto Iyengar -- Racial attitudes and American politics / Michael Tesler -- Race, ethnicity, and public opinion / Erica Czaja and Vladimir E. Medenica -- Categorical politics in action : gender and the 2016 presidential election / Nancy Burns, Donald Kinder and MollyReynolds -- Worldview politics / Marc Hetherington -- The emotional foundations of democratic citizenship / Ted Brader and Erin Cikanek -- No longer "beyond our scope" : the biological and non-conscious underpinnings of pblic opinion / FrankGonzalez, John Hibbing and Kevin Smith -- The "daily them" : hybridity, political polarization and presidential leadership in a digital media age / MattBaum and Danna Young -- How people learn about politics : navigating the information environment / Jennifer Jerit -- Campaigns and elections / John Sides and Jake Haselswerdt -- Ambivalence in American public opinion about immigration / Deborah Schildkraut -- Public opinion and public policy / Andrea Louise Campbell and Elizabeth Rigby -- Conclusion : assessing continuity and change / David Sears.
In The Medieval Economy of Salvation, Adam J. Davis shows how the burgeoning commercial economy of western Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, alongside an emerging culture of Christian charity, led to the establishment of hundreds of hospitals and leper houses. Focusing on the county of Champagne, he looks at the ways in which charitable organizations and individuals—townspeople, merchants, aristocrats, and ecclesiastics—saw in these new institutions a means of infusing charitable giving and service with new social significance and heightened expectations of spiritual rewards. In tracing the rise of the medieval hospital during a period of intense urbanization and the transition from a gift economy to a commercial one, Davis makes clear how embedded this charitable institution was in the wider social, cultural, religious, and economic fabric of medieval life.
Engaging and informative, Evaluating Media Bias provides an academically informed but broadly accessible overview of the major concepts and controversies involving media bias. Schiffer explores the contours of the partisan-bias controversy before pivoting to real biases: the patterns, constraints, and shortcomings plaguing American political news.
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