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Besides the motor and sensory dysfunction that characterizes multiple sclerosis, during the disease evolution and with
the accumulation of new demyelinating lesions in specific areas of the central nervous system, autonomic dysfunction be-comes
more prevalent among patients suffering from multiple sclerosis. Although not usually addressed, the complex spectrum of
autonomic dysfunction manifestations has the potential of a negative impact on the daily activities of multiple sclerosis patients,
needing specific investigations and therapeutic measures destined to alleviate symptoms and increase the quality of life. Since
urinary dysfunction is evident from the early stages of multiple sclerosis on urodynamic studies even in patients without urinary
complaints, it is indicated to thoroughly screen for urinary tract dysfunction as well as other autonomic dysfunctions in all the
multiple sclerosis patients.

Two major trials, EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial (with Empagliflozin) and CANVAS trial (with Canagliflozin) have demonstrated the beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes at risk for heart failure. SGLT2 inhibitors possess a unique pharmacological profile and have shown a significant reduction of hospitalization for heart failure in diabetic patients, immediately after treatment commencement. It seems that their effects are beneficial both in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. SGLT2 inhibitors reduce cardiovascular endpoints in patients with diabetes and high cardiovascular risk, most likely through a reduction of heart failure-related events. Empagliflozin treatment exerts beneficial effects on vascular function and central haemodynamics. Various mechanisms seem to contribute to the beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure. Taking into consideration their cardiovascular benefits and the number of ongoing trials with these drugs, there is a possibility to expand their indication to nondiabetic patients with heart failure. This review focuses on the newest insights into the beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on the cardiovascular system.

More and more research in recent years has focused on neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. The hippocampus is a key location of adult neurogenesis. Because this part of the brain is regulated by environmental variables, it must be mentioned the therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative illnesses and brain injuries. Furthermore, this information challenges the historical concept of a static brain and tries to demonstrate its flexibility, adaptability, and possibility for regeneration. Those mechanisms which are found in a variety of mammalian species, including humans, are important when it comes to adaptive learning and memory, thus providing insights into cognitive well-being and mental health. The discovery of the brain's dynamic nature represented by new neurons, marks a shift in the field of neurology with far-reaching potentials. This paper highlights the significant potential of adult neurogenesis when it comes to clinical applications such as Alz-heimer's disease.

Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a diagnosis that describes a prolonged febrile illness without an established cause, despite investigations. From the first definition of the medical condition (given by Petersdorf and Beeson in 1961) the diagnostic criteria have changed over time, intending to improve the management and outcome of these patients. The main causes of FUO fall into 4 categories: infectious, non-infectious (inflammatory), neoplastic and diverse causes. The etiology of FUO has changed over time, due to ever-changing disease patterns and the development of diagnostic techniques. A significant percentage of patients with FUO remain without an etiologic diagnosis, despite advanced diagnostic tests. Gathering potentially diagnostic clues through history, physical examination and nonspecific key paraclinical abnormalities is the basis for the diagnosis of FUO.

Background. Primary headaches are comprised of three big categories: migraines (with or without aura), the third most
common and the 6th most disabling disease worldwide, tension-headaches, and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, each with
different, complex, and not completely understood pathophysiological, clinical, and neuroimagistic characteristics. Structures like
the brain stem, hippocampus, or hypothalamus have been depicted as being the main triggers of these types of headaches, which
have a significant impact on the quality of life. Methods. We performed a broad literature review on primary headaches from
January 2016 to June 2023, analyzing the latest scientific updates and emphasizing the pathophysiological and neuroimagistic
characteristics. Results. We provide a concise review of the main neuroimaging studies that help in differential diagnosis between
several types of primary headaches. Conclusions. It is difficult to approach the pathophysiology of these three primary headache
categories. Keeping in mind that neuroimagistic methods are rapidly developing (especially in the MRI sphere), the most
important endpoint of future studies will be to establish a reliable distinction system for all these types of cephalalgias, thus
updating the protocols and guidelines. Currently, imaging studies are indicated only in certain circumstances.

Retroperitoneal tumors grow quietly and are generally large in size, more than half of them being larger than 20 cm at the time of diagnosis. They usually present several therapeutic challenges because of their rarity, relative late presentation and anatomical location, often in close relationship with several important structures in the retroperitoneal space. Due to intimate relationships with vital organs in retroperitoneum, extensive surgery with en bloc resection of the involved organ is often required, most frequently the kidneys, followed by colon, pancreas and spleen. Malignant tumors have a poor prognosis, the most significant factors regarding survival rates being delayed diagnosis, high histological grade, inoperability due to invasion into vital organs, and a positive surgical border.