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Formulation of the problem. The very existence and role of objective patterns in society, including in the legal sphere, causes doubt among some thinkers, up to the complete denial of any patterns in social life. However, even a shallow analysis, conducted from the perspective of the general scientific concept of patterns, leaves no doubt that in the development and functioning of law, in its matter, its constituent elements, in their correlation there are objective laws that, like laws in any other matter, have the nature of the necessary and stable relationships and dependencies. Therefore, it is clear that their specific laws are inherent in legal reality, including criminal law as its component. The emergence of criminal law - a natural process, which at one time was experienced by any modern society. It was due to the development of the system of social regulation and the objective needs of protecting social interests from the most dangerous attacks. Purpose of article. This article analyzes the process of the emergence of criminal law, examines the concepts of genesis and genetic patterns of criminal law, it turns out the preconditions of criminal law in the social regulation of the primitive era. Results. The study made it possible to formulate a number of specific patterns of the emergence of criminal law, in particular: the pattern of the genetic dependence of criminal law prohibitions on the system of sacred taboos and prohibitions of prestate society; the regularity of the emergence of criminal law norms only in a state-organized society; the regularity of the dependence of the emergence of criminal law on the formation of the idea of a crime as an act that causes harm to the whole society as an integral organism; regularity of conditionality of norms on criminal and punishable by moral ideas of society about good and evil; regularity, expressed in the sequential consolidation in the criminal law of crimes of mala in se (by nature), then mala prohibita (according to law).

Der Beitrag analysiert die grundsätzlichen Ursachen für die verminderte Konkurrenzfähigkeit der russischen Industrie auf dem Weltmarkt und beleuchtet diese Problematik anhand der Entwicklung auf dem Firmensektor, in den einzelnen Branchen und auf der Länderebene. Abschließend werden Vorschläge unterbreitet hinsichtlich der Wiedergewinnung der Konkurrenzfähigkeit auf dem Weltmarkt mit der entsprechenden wirtschaftlichen Prioritätensetzung in einzelnen Sektoren. (BIOst-Mrk)

Der Beitrag gliedert sich in vier Abschnitte. Der erste behandelt die Konkurrenzfähigkeit Rußlands insgesamt auf dem Weltmarkt und stellt die Position des Landes im Ländervergleich fest. Der zweite Abschnitt behandelt die Konkurrenzfähigkeit der russischen Branchen, die diesbezüglich in vier Kategorien unterteilt werden. Im dritten Abschnitt wird auf die Konkurrenzfähigkeit der russischen Firmen und Gesellschaften auf dem Weltmarkt eingegangen. Im vierten Abschnitt wird schließlich die Konkurrenzfähigkeit der russischen Waren im allgemeinen beleuchtet. Die Konkurrenzfähigkeit wird jeweils im internationalen Vergleich dargestellt. (BIOst-Mrk)

Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Indiz für wirtschaftliche Potenz, weist seit Anfang der 70er Jahre, allerdings bei ungleichmäßiger geopolitischer Verteilung, weltweit im Schnitt eine steigende Tendenz auf. Der Autor führt dazu Zahlen aus den maßgeblichen Staaten an und muß schließlich die negative Tendenz in Rußland vermerken; dabei vergißt er jedoch nicht, auf die strukturellen Besonderheiten des russischen BIP einzugehen. Unter drei einzelnen Gesichtspunkten wird Rußland sodann dem internationalen Vergleich unterzogen, zum einen hinsichtlich seiner reichen Naturressourcen, zum anderen bezüglich der Arbeitskräftereserven sowie des wissenschaftlich-technischen Potentials. Das ausführliche Zahlenmaterial im Text erlaubt eine konkrete Situationsanalyse und Vergleiche auch mit anderen Staaten. (BIOst-Rgl)

The Far East stands apart among Russia's other areas, mostly owing to its vast natural resource potential and advantageous geographical position, which have determined the highly individual economic structure of the area. The high cost-efficiency of natural resource development encouraged the predominantly mining pattern of economic development in this region. The article explores resource potential, mining and manufacturing industries, agriculture, fisheries, forest industry, privatisation etc. in the Russian Far East. (DÜI-Sen)

The author explores problems and prospects of economic co-operation between the USSR and the newly industrialized countries (NICs) of Asia (South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong). He points out that Singapore firms were among the first in the region to set up joint ventures with Soviet partners. He shows that the root cause of all the difficulties between the USSR and the Asian NICs is the virtual incompatibility of the two economic systems - the developed market economy of the NICs and the centralized bureaucratic economy of the USSR. (DÜI-Sen)

Over recent years the newly industrializing countries (NICs) of Asia (South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand) have come to play an increasing role in the world capitalist economy. A major portion of the export of these countries is made up of goods produced by the manufacturing industry which have proved highly competitive in international markets. (DÜI-Sen)

The study explores the contradictory position of the five (South Korea, Taiwan, Hongkong, Malaysia and Singapore) Asian "newly-industrialised countries" (NICs) in the world capitalist economy. Their rapidly growing impact on the world capitalist economy. The international weight of the Asian NICs explained by their rapidly growing exports. Direct foreign investments in the economies of the Asian NICs. (DÜI-Sen)

Treaty of Economic and Cultural Co-operation signed by the USSR and North Korea on 17.4.1949. Devastating effects of the Korean war (1950-53) on North Korea. Economic and technical assistance rendered to North Korea by the USSR since 1949. Development of trade between them 1970-82. Links between leading establishments of higher education and research institutions of North Korea and the USSR

Statement of the problem. According to philosophy, the origin, development, functioning and structural construction of any phenomenon are based on their own objective patterns. The legal system, as well as other existing phenomena, has the corresponding patterns. Study of the patterns is the main task, the ultimate goal of any science, including the criminal law. Since in the patterns content of law is revealed most deeply, they directly express the essence of law, the internal logic of legal reality. Insofar as it is impossible to ensure the adequacy, consistency and stability of criminal legislation, if we do not take into account the laws of criminal law. However, for the effective functioning of criminal law, it is necessary to take into account not only the specific patterns of criminal law itself, but, first of all, to ensure compliance of criminal law regulation with the mechanism of action of objective laws in protected spheres of public relations, as well as to take into account the social and psychological laws of the mechanism of criminal law impact. Objectives of the article. This article is devoted to the analysis of patterns of varying degrees of generality, operating in criminal law. Conclusions. In the course of the study, we have identified and formulated the patterns of the criminal law system that consists of special, general legal, social, systemic and universal patterns.