The article examines the genesis of the human capital system through the prism of the formation of a system of personal responsibility for committed acts. It is shown that responsibility in the law of early civilizations and up to the Middle ages proportionally reflected the value of a person as a person.
В статье анализируются основные этапы становления интеграционных объединений на постсоветском пространстве. На примере Союзного государства России и Беларуси показано, что основное взаимодействие стран строится на основе экономических отношений между регионами. Определено, что подобная форма исключает утерю суверенитета.
The political crisis, which has been going on in Belarus since August 2020, is accompanied by crisis phenomena, also in the economy: gold and foreign exchange reserves are declining, public debt is growing, the credit rating is the lowest in Europe (B/B), warehouses are overstocked with unrealized products. Russia, which accounts for about half of Belarus' foreign trade, supports Belarus and promotes closer integration within the Union State. Hence the dualism of Belarus' foreign policy: on the one hand, it votes synchronously with the Russian Federation against UNGA resolutions, and on the other hand, it benefits from trade and economic cooperation with neighboring states. At the same time, there were also aggravations in relations, such as the detention in 2017 of Belarusian citizens on charges of espionage, mutual expulsions of embassy staff.
Historiographical analysis allows us to trace the development of logic and the level of development of the problem under study in historical science, including identifying important aspects, trends and features of the implementation of the governor's power in the Voronezh Province during 1796-1914, and determine the prospects for further study of this scientific topic.
EN: The Union state-the Union of Russia and Belarus – is the most significant integration project in the CIS space, which marked the change of centrifugal tendencies in the post-Soviet space by centripetal ones. Russia and Belarus were among the first CIS member States to realize the need for close integration. Almost immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia and Belarus signed bilateral trade and economic agreements, which recognized the right of the parties to pursue an independent foreign economic policy. Thus, Russia and Belarus were the pioneers of integration processes in the region. ES: El estado de la Unión - la Unión de Rusia y Belarús - es el proyecto de integración más importante en el espacio de la CEI, que marcó el cambio de las tendencias centrífugas en el espacio postsoviético por las centrípetas. Rusia y Belarús fueron los primeros miembros de los estados de CEI en darse cuenta de la necesidad de una estrecha integración. Casi inmediatamente después del colapso de la Unión Soviética, Rusia y Bielorrusia firmaron acuerdos comerciales y económicos bilaterales, que reconocían el derecho de las partes a perseguir una política económica extranjera independiente. Así, Rusia y Belarús fueron los pioneros de los procesos de integración en la región.
ABSTRACT The Union state-the Union of Russia and Belarus – is the most significant integration project in the CIS space, which marked the change of centrifugal tendencies in the post-Soviet space by centripetal ones. Russia and Belarus were among the first CIS member States to realize the need for close integration. Almost immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia and Belarus signed bilateral trade and economic agreements, which recognized the right of the parties to pursue an independent foreign economic policy. Thus, Russia and Belarus were the pioneers of integration processes in the region.RESUMEN El estado de la Unión - la Unión de Rusia y Belarús - es el proyecto de integración más importante en el espacio de la CEI, que marcó el cambio de las tendencias centrífugas en el espacio postsoviético por las centrípetas. Rusia y Belarús fueron los primeros miembros de los estados de CEI en darse cuenta de la necesidad de una estrecha integración. Casi inmediatamente después del colapso de la Unión Soviética, Rusia y Bielorrusia firmaron acuerdos comerciales y económicos bilaterales, que reconocían el derecho de las partes a perseguir una política económica extranjera independiente. Así, Rusia y Belarús fueron los pioneros de los procesos de integración en la región.
Purpose The aim of the paper is to identify the characteristics of terrorist risks in the regional aspect by using the example of the Russian Federation.
Design/methodology/approach The cluster analysis revealed four groups of regions that differ in the level of terrorist risk. Then, based on comparison of regression analysis results for the selected regions and the country as a whole, a characteristic of factors contributing to and preventing terrorism was presented.
Findings The research results showed that the main problems affecting the growth of terrorism, both at the national and regional levels, are the low level of economic freedom, as well as high political instability, crime rates, corruption and digital globalization processes. Therefore, when developing and implementing a counter-terrorism policy, more attention should be paid to these areas.
Originality/value Assessing terrorist risk across national regions is a relevant problem. The identification of patterns in the commission of terrorist attacks and their regional distribution are of great importance for national counter-terrorism strategies.
In 2020, one of the main factors influencing economic processes was the factor of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected almost all countries of the world. As a result of the pandemic, significant changes took place in the life of many countries of the world, including in Russia. There was an additional burden on the state regarding social payments and there was a deterioration.
